Honey bees: protecting them from pests and diseases
How to spot and report bee pests and diseases.
There are a number of pests and diseases in the UK that are reportable or notifiable and these may affect your bees. If you suspect they are present within your colonies you must tell the National Bee Unit (NBU) or your local bee inspector immediately. Failure to do so is an offence.
You can find advice on beekeeping on BeeBase.
Yellow-legged hornet, also known as Asian hornet (Vespa velutina)
Vespa velutina, known as the yellow-legged hornet or Asian hornet, is a predator of honey bees.
You can report sightings of the yellow-legged hornet using the reporting form managed by the UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology.
How to spot a yellow-legged hornet
Yellow-legged hornets:
- have a dark brown or black velvety body
- have a yellow or orange band on fourth segment of abdomen
- have yellow-tipped legs
- are smaller than the native European hornet
- are not active at night
For more detailed guidance on identifying yellow-legged hornets, see the Non-Native Species Secretariat’s identification guide.
American foulbrood
American foulbrood (AFB) is a notifiable disease. If you suspect it is present within your colonies you must tell the National Bee Unit immediately.
Signs of American foulbrood include:
- wax cappings becoming sunken and perforated
- cappings becoming moist or greasy looking and changing colour
- when looking at the bottom of cells, AFB scales, which resemble a proboscis tongue, can be seen in comb cells
- an unpleasant smell
- when remains are drawn out, the mucus may be ropey
If you suspect your colony has American foulbrood you must:
- contact the NBU office or your local bee inspector immediately
- close the hive
- disinfect beekeeping equipment
- not remove any colonies, equipment or honey from the site until the disease, if confirmed, has been controlled
Find out more about how American foulbrood is spread and controlled.
European foulbrood
European foulbrood is a notifiable disease. If you suspect it is present within your colonies you must tell the National Bee Unit immediately.
Signs of European foulbrood include:
- dead larva collapse, turning yellowish-brown
- brood pattern appearing patchy and erratic
- an unpleasant sour smell
If you suspect your colony has European foulbrood you must:
- contact the NBU office or your local bee inspector immediately
- close the hive
- disinfect beekeeping equipment before examining other colonies
- not remove any colonies, equipment or honey from the site until the disease, if confirmed, has been controlled
Find out more about how European foulbrood is spread and controlled.
Small hive beetle
Small hive beetle is a notifiable pest. If you suspect it is present within your apiary you must tell the National Bee Unit immediately.
How to spot a small hive beetle
Small hive beetles:
- are oval in shape, 5 to 7 mm long and 3 to 4.5 mm wide
- are reddish brown in colour but change to dark brown or black as they mature
- have distinctive club shaped antennae
- produce larvae with characteristic rows of spines on the back and 3 pairs of legs near the head
Signs of small hive beetle in a colony include:
- small black beetles running around the comb or hiding in small dark crevices of the hive
- larvae burrowing through the brood combs, consuming brood and stores
- larvae clumping together in corners of frames or combs cells
- clusters of small ‘rice grain’ eggs in cracks and crevices of the hive
- honey fermenting and dripping out of cells
- combs becoming slimy or smelling of rotten oranges
If you suspect small hive beetle is present within your colonies you must:
- contact the NBU office or your local bee inspector immediately
- not remove any colonies, equipment or honey from the site until approved to do so by the NBU
The small hive beetle is not thought to be present in the UK. Import regulations are the main defence against its introduction.
Find out more about the small hive beetle, its life cycle and control methods.
Tropilaelaps mite
Tropilaelaps mite is a notifiable pest. If you suspect it is present within your colonies you must tell the National Bee Unit immediately.
How to spot a Tropilaelaps mite
Tropilaelaps mites:
- hide in brood cells rather than on adult bees
- have elongated bodies about 1mm long and 0.5mm wide
- are reddish brown
Signs of Tropilaelaps mite in a colony include:
- irregular or poor brood patterns
- surviving adult bees having a shorter lifespan
- adult bees with shrunken or deformed wings and abdomens
If you suspect the Tropilaelaps mite is present within your colonies you must:
- contact the NBU office or your local bee inspector immediately
- not remove any colonies, equipment or honey from the site until approved to do so by the NBU
Tropilaelaps mite are not currently thought to be present in the UK. Import regulations are the main defence against its introduction.
Find out more about Tropilaelaps mite, their life cycle and control methods.
Varroa mite (Varroa destructor and Varroa jacobsoni)
Varroa mite is a reportable pest. If you suspect it is present within your colonies you must tell the National Bee Unit.
How to spot varroa mites
Varroa mites:
- are reddish-brown
- have flat oval bodies
- are greater in width than length (1.6 x 1.1 millimetre)
Signs of varroa mites in a colony include:
- dead mites on the hive floor
- mites found in uncapped drone cells
- deformed wings and stunted abdomens on bees, patchy brood and weakening of the colony
If you suspect the mite is present within your colonies you should:
- report this to the National Bee Unit by updating your BeeBase record
- fill in the report form available on BeeBase, if you are not registered with the National Bee Unit
Importing or exporting bees
If you want to export bees to any country outside Great Britain you must get a health certificate from your bee inspector. Find out how to do this on BeeBase website.
Find out about importing bees from, or exporting bees to:
Register your beekeeping details
If you’re a beekeeper in England, Scotland or Wales, you can help the NBU monitor and control pests, diseases and provide relevant information, like local disease alerts, by registering your details at BeeBase.
If you’re a beekeeper in Northern Ireland, you can register your details at DataBees.
Contact
England and Wales
Email: beehealth.info@defra.gov.uk
Telephone: 020 8026 3576
Wildlife Incident Investigation Scheme helpline: 0800 321 600
Scotland
E-mail: Bees_mailbox@gov.scot
Telephone: 0300 244 9151
Northern Ireland
Email: beehealth@daera-ni.gov.uk
Telephone: 02890 524168
Updates to this page
Last updated 21 August 2024 + show all updates
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Added link for reporting sightings of the Asian hornet, and replaced link to guidance on identifying Asian hornets.
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Added new section on: Varroa mite.
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Minor changes to the guidance under the Asian hornet heading.
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Content reviewed and updated to focus on notifiable pests and diseases affecting honey bees.
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General review and update of content and links
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First published.