RP33: Large leaky woody dams
Find out about eligibility and requirements for the large leaky woody dams item.
This item is part of Capital Grants. You must read the Capital items: guidance for applicants and agreement holders to understand the rules and how to apply.
How much you’ll be paid
£764.42 for each dam.
How this item benefits the environment
Leaky woody dams slow the movement of water after high rainfall and help push water onto floodplains. They can also increase the recharge of groundwater. This increases the temporary storage of flood waters within water channels and on floodplains, so:
- helps delay the passage of flood water downstream
- allows sediment to settle out
- reduces downstream flood risk
They are suitable for watercourses that are up to 5m wide. A watercourse is a channel of flowing water, like a river or stream. The floodplain is the land either side of the watercourse.
This item can help you protect, recover and improve biodiversity on your land.
Where you can use this item
You can only use this item with support from Catchment Sensitive Farming either in:
- catchments where permeable soils and geology allow for recharge (capture and storage) of groundwater
- catchments targeted for flood risk measures or water resource benefits
You can also either use this item for:
- dams in streams and river channels between 3 metres (m) and 5m wide
- ephemeral streams and surface water run-off pathways where the overall length of dam required is less than 15m
Catchment Sensitive Farming provides advice where there are water quality or flood risk issues linked to farming.
You may need consent from the Environment Agency, the lead local flood authority, or internal drainage board before starting any work. Read guidance on owning a watercourse for more information.
Check with Natural England if you’ll need a feasibility study. Speak to Catchment Sensitive Farming about a water holding structure action plan.
What you must do to use this item
Choosing your logs
The number and size of logs you will need will depend on the watercourse you are working on. On small channels with low bank tops a single log can be used as long it is set at 0.3m above the water at normal flow.
Choose one log which:
- is long enough to extend as far into the floodplain as needed to provide a stable and long-lasting structure and ensure water is diverted onto the floodplain under high flows
- has a curve or dip in the middle to funnel the flow of water to the centre of the channel
If the bank top is higher, you will need enough logs, so the lowest one is set 0.3m above the water at normal flow. Use irregular shaped logs or carve into straight logs to create gaps and low points.
The rest of the logs should be:
- long enough for you to embed them into each side of the bank to stop water flowing around them
- a similar diameter
Building your leaky dam
- Embed a shorter log into both banks of the water channel so it just touches the water at normal flow
- Stack the rest of the shorter logs on top (one on top of another) and embed them into both banks
- Place your longest log at the top so the ends sit on each side of the watercourse, level with the floodplain
- Place wooden stakes in each bank on both sides of the long log to secure the dam in place – you can also use existing trees for this
- Secure the logs to the stakes or trees using sisal (natural fibre) rope or timber screws (for stakes only).
You must:
- secure the dam in line with the requirements of the Environment Agency or lead local flood authority consent or exemption (where required)
- align dams at right angles to channel banks or water flow to reduce bank scour
- in streams (permanent or winterbourne), build dams to allow normal flows to always pass unimpeded – set them at 0.3m above normal flow levels
- site dams on slow flowing reaches of the water course that have on average 2m of floodplain on either side
- build dams to a height sufficient to encourage water to spread onto the floodplain upstream of the dam
- make sure dams are not installed directly upstream of pinch points such as bridges or culverts that back up flows and are likely to swamp the dam
- check and maintain dams to keep the structure effective – ensure the free gap underneath has not become blocked by debris
- follow the requirements set out in any feasibility study or Catchment Sensitive Farming water holding structure action plan (if applicable)
You should consider the effect your dam will have on the surrounding environment. For example:
- avoid using straight logs so there are gaps and low points to help create varied flow patterns
- do not use timber boards
- use fresh cut willow to create your wooden stakes – if you allow it to root and grow this could increase the lifetime of the dam and provide a natural habitat
- protect the edges of the bank downstream of your dam from erosion using natural materials
- avoid siting the dam in areas of active bank erosion, choose a location which has stable banks
- expect the dam to create localised changes to the channel bed
Diagram of a leaky woody dam
Evidence you must keep
You must keep written support from your Catchment Sensitive Farming adviser and provide with your application.
You must also keep and provide with your claim:
- photographs of the completed works in place and installed
- any consents and permissions from the Environment Agency or local flood authority
You must also keep and provide on request:
- receipted invoices or bank statements where a receipted invoice is unavailable
- photographs of the existing site before work starts
- a copy of the feasibility study, woodland management plan or water holding structure action plan where applicable
Read the record keeping and site visit requirements in the Agreement holder’s guide: Capital Grants, Higher Tier capital grants and Protection and Infrastructure grants for more information.
Other items you can use with this item
You can use this item with RP11: Swales.
Advice to help you use this item
The following advice may help you to use this item, but you do not have to follow it to get paid. It’s not part of this item’s requirements.
The design and location of leaky woody dams in natural water courses are affected by:
- local circumstances such as extent of tree cover, risk of riverbed or bank erosion
- whether it is to slow flood flows or to encourage groundwater recharge
- the availability of suitable materials
- easy access to import suitable materials to site
Using the capital item FM2: Carry out customised capital works to manage specific sites or species likely more appropriate for use within:
- sites of special scientific interest (SSSIs)
- rivers that are already biodiversity priority habitat rivers
- rivers that have the potential to become biodiversity priority habitat rivers
You should get advice from your Natural England adviser before using this item.
Detailed design can vary. Local circumstances, availability of and easy access to suitable materials for the site can affect where you put leaky woody dams in natural water courses. Higher Tier Annex 2c has example designs of dams.
You can improve the management of water on the land, improve infiltration and the storage of water by:
- improving soil health
- increasing appropriate vegetation cover
- using rural sustainable drainage systems.
Checking the dams for silt
You’ll need to check the dam regularly and de-silt it to prevent it collecting large amounts of silt.
Spacing between dams
It’s best practice to build dams in a series (with a minimum 3 dams). Make sure the spacing between dams of about 7 to 10 times the width of the channel.
Small leaky woody dams
You can use RP32: Small leaky woody dams either
- for streams and river channels between 1m and 2.99m
- with ephemeral streams (flows when it rains) and surface water run-off pathways where the overall length required is less than 10m
Updates to this page
Published 10 March 2017Last updated 3 February 2025 + show all updates
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Amended item - you can now use this item: - to reduce flood risk - in catchments where permeable soils and geology allow for the recharge of groundwater
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The Where to use this item and Requirements section of this page have been updated
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Page updated to show latest record keeping
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Capital item now includes woodland.
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First published.