Consultation outcome

Sustainable fisheries for future generations: consultation document

Updated 25 October 2018

This was published under the 2016 to 2019 May Conservative government

Foreword

I am delighted to publish today a White Paper on Defra’s future fisheries policy.

Our seas and oceans are an integral part of our history, economy and way of life. Delivering a green Brexit centres around three interconnected areas of policy: fishing, farming and our environment. Leaving the EU and the Common Fisheries Policy (CFP) gives us the opportunity to introduce a sustainable, responsive and resilient new fisheries policy.

As an independent coastal state for the first time in over 40 years, access to UK waters will be on our terms, under our control and for the benefit of UK fishermen. Today we are setting out our plans to promote a more competitive, profitable and sustainable fishing industry across the whole of the UK, and setting a gold standard for sustainable fishing around the world.

The allocation of fishing opportunities under the CFP is outdated, and the UK’s share does not accurately reflect the resources in UK waters. On average between 2012 and 2016 other EU Member States’ vessels landed in the region of 760,000 tonnes of fish (£540 million revenue) annually caught in UK waters; whereas UK vessels landed approximately 90,000 tonnes of fish (£110 million revenue) caught in other Member States’ waters per year in the same time period. ^{[footnote 1]} As we leave the EU, we are committed to working closely with our partners to manage shared stocks in a sustainable way and share fishing opportunities on a fair and scientific basis. We have instigated a comprehensive programme of research to inform this process and provide the evidence to secure a fairer share of fishing opportunities for UK fishers.

There are specific and considerable opportunities for UK fisheries outside of the EU. In 2016, the UK exported £1.17 billion of seafood to the EU, and imported £1.04 billion from the EU. Equipped with a new fisheries policy, the UK fisheries sector will be in a strong position to trade seafood with export markets around the world.

Foremost, this White Paper recognises that healthy fish stocks are the first step to vibrant commercial and recreational fishing industries, and prioritises a healthy marine environment. We will continue to work under the principle of maximum sustainable yield, which has done so much to restore stocks, as well as to help to protect our valuable marine ecosystems, and we will continue to prevent wasteful discards. In all this, scientific evidence will guide decisions, making sure that we pass a healthy marine environment and profitable fishing industry on to the next generation. The commercial fishing industry and wider seafood sector are important to many coastal communities across England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland (where particular attention will be given to maintaining cross-border co-operation).

As a dynamic industry, fisheries require rapid and responsive regulation. Bringing control back to the UK will enable greater scrutiny of fisheries policies, and swifter responses to changing scientific advice or circumstances and meeting our international obligations. This White Paper reflects continuing discussions with the Devolved Administrations, who are responsible for domestic fisheries management in their areas, and stakeholders. I hope that we will continue to work together to take advantage of the many and significant opportunities facing the fishing industry across our island nation.

Together we will cast a future arrangement that is good for fisheries, for the environment, and for consumers.

The Rt Hon Michael Gove MP

Executive summary

Introduction

This paper sets out the scope of Defra’s proposed new approach to fisheries management. Our aim is to build a vibrant and sustainable UK fishing industry by taking responsibility for managing fisheries resources within UK waters, while continuing to protect and improve the marine environment, in line with our recent 25 Year Environment Plan.

The UK’s road to improved fishing opportunities and transition

After leaving the EU, the UK will become an independent coastal state under international law (UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS)) ^{[footnote 2]} and will have the right to control and manage access to fish in UK waters out to 200 nautical miles or the median line. In line with UNCLOS, we will continue to co-operate closely with the EU and coastal states on the sustainable management of fish stocks that cross borders.

In the short term, UK fisheries policy will align with the agreement reached with the EU on 19 March 2018 on an implementation period. This period will serve as a stepping stone to our future relationship with the EU. However, from 2020, we will be negotiating access and fishing opportunities for 2021 as an independent coastal state.

As an independent coastal state, we will decide who can access our waters after 2020 and on what terms, for the first time in over 40 years. Any decisions about giving access to our waters for vessels from the EU, or any other coastal states including Norway, will then be a matter for negotiation. Fisheries will be a separate strand of our future relationship with the EU. Through the fisheries strand the EU and the UK, as an independent coastal state, will negotiate on access to waters and fishing opportunities on an annual basis. This is consistent with the approach to fisheries taken by other coastal states including Norway.

Under the CFP’s principle of ‘relative stability’, the UK receives a fixed share of fishing opportunities based on historical fishing patterns in 1973 - 1978. This is unrepresentative of the fish now in UK waters. On average between 2012 and 2016, other EU Member States’ vessels landed in the region of 760,000 tonnes of fish (£540 million revenue) annually caught in UK waters; whereas UK vessels landed approximately 90,000 tonnes of fish (£110 million revenue) caught in other Member States’ waters per year in the same time period. ^{[footnote 1]}

We will be seeking to move away from relative stability towards a fairer and more scientific method for future Total Allowable Catch (TAC) shares as a condition of future access. Initially, we will seek to secure increased fishing opportunities through the process of ‘annual exchanges’ as part of annual fisheries negotiations. In due course, as part of those annual negotiations we would be open to considering multi-annual agreements for appropriate stocks, as happens currently between the EU and other coastal states.

In negotiating new arrangements with the EU, we will give particular attention to enabling cross border co-operation on fisheries management between Northern Ireland and Ireland, in line with the commitments agreed by the UK and the Commission in the Joint Report (published 8 December 2017).

The UK has long been committed to sustainable fisheries, and we shall continue to work closely with our neighbours to ensure the sustainable management of shared stocks. We will seek to agree a process with the EU for future annual negotiations on access and fishing opportunities, as well as an approach for continued cooperation on fisheries management and on longer term sustainable approaches.

Access to markets for fisheries products will be agreed as part of our future economic partnership, just as with other goods and food products. This is separate to the question of fishing opportunities and access to waters, which consequently will be addressed separately, founded on the UK’s legal status as an independent coastal state. This is consistent with fisheries agreements internationally, and with EU-third country precedents. Both the EU and UK have an interest in continued trade for the fisheries and wider seafood sector.

The UK will apply to be an independent member of Regional Fisheries Management Organisations (RFMOs), including the North East Atlantic Fisheries Commission (NEAFC), where we will pursue our interests in negotiations on important stocks such as North-East Atlantic mackerel, blue whiting and Atlanto-Scandian herring. We will also play an active role in other international bodies such as the UN Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO). Where appropriate, we will work in close cooperation with the Crown Dependencies, who independently manage their fisheries, and the Overseas Territories.

Promoting sustainable fisheries

All of the Fisheries Administrations across the UK and the Crown Dependencies champion sustainable fisheries and marine conservation. The UK will project these values in negotiations with our neighbours, making adherence to sustainable practices a pre-condition of any future access to our waters.

We will continue to apply the principle of Maximum Sustainable Yield (MSY) when setting or agreeing total allowable catches (TACs), and we will promote fishing within MSY ranges in line with international scientific advice on mixed fisheries. We will also continue to work towards ending the wasteful practice of fish discards, including through the development of new initiatives with industry and other interests. We will work with the Devolved Administrations to develop technical measures such as Remote Electronic Monitoring (REM) (including CCTV) on vessels fishing in the UK’s Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ), to ensure compliance with fisheries regulations across the UK.

As set out in the 25 Year Environment Plan, we will pursue an ecosystem approach to fisheries management that aims for more sustainable management and accounts for, and seeks to minimise, impacts on non-commercial species and the marine environment generally.

Access agreements and quota allocation

Our Fisheries Bill includes proposals for powers to deliver what we negotiate with the EU and other coastal states on access to waters and fishing opportunities. This includes powers for the UK Government and Devolved Administrations to implement international agreements reached on access to UK waters, and to set fishing opportunities (principally quota).The principle of universal access to UK waters will continue to apply to all UK vessels.

We are also making plans so that we are ready to implement arrangements negotiated and to meet the different enforcement challenges in our waters after we leave the EU and the CFP.

CFP technical regulations

Under an implementation period, the existing body of EU regulations will continue to apply until December 2020.

The EU (Withdrawal) Act will be used to make EU law part of a new body of UK law, to be known as retained EU law. The Act includes powers to enable corrections to be made to the laws that do not operate appropriately once we have left the EU. In time, this body of law will be replaced with domestic legislation. In fisheries, this will cover about 100 legislative instruments covering issues such as gear types, mesh sizes, minimum landing sizes and other technical standards.

The Fisheries Bill proposes taking powers that will enable this retained EU law to be amended expeditiously by secondary legislation. The marine environment is dynamic and timely decisions are required.

These powers will allow us to make rapid legislative and policy adjustment where this is appropriate, including in cases where measures are currently introduced by the European Commission through Delegated Acts.

A new UK framework

We are working with the Devolved Administrations to develop a new UK framework for fisheries management, which is likely to include both legislative and non-legislative elements. This will respect the devolution settlements and maximise all Fisheries Administrations’ power to manage their fisheries while, where necessary, maintaining the overall coherence of the UK’s fisheries policy, particularly to ensure compliance with international obligations, protect the UK internal market and manage our shared resources sustainably.

In international fisheries negotiations, the UK delegation will include representatives from each administration of the UK, as is the case now. The duty of cooperation within the delegation will remain and wherever possible consensus will be sought on negotiating priorities. If there is a disagreement within the UK delegation, the Secretary of State will, as now, have the power to make a final decision as the leader of the UK delegation, acting in the interests of the whole country.

The UK Government is responsible for overall compliance with international obligations and the Devolved Administrations are responsible for implementing these obligations in their own areas.

We are also working with the Crown Dependencies to develop new fisheries management agreements which reflect their independence in managing their fisheries while maintaining the overall coherence of the UK’s fisheries policy.

This White Paper is a UK Government policy document that discusses a range of fisheries policy matters, subject to the continuing discussions between Defra and the Devolved Administrations. The extent of the different provisions proposed for the new Fisheries Bill will vary depending on what powers already exist in different areas and what is agreed between the Administrations: some will have UK-wide extent; others will apply to England only, others to England and the Devolved Administrations that wish to adopt them. The powers concerning international relations, on access to waters and setting quota, will be exercised at UK level as they relate to reserved matters.

Reforming fisheries management

As we negotiate with the EU and coastal states for a fairer share of the fishing opportunities, we also need to consider how those additional opportunities are allocated across the UK and within England in future.

Leaving the EU provides the opportunity to move towards a fairer and more scientific method for the allocation of fishing opportunities.

We do not intend to change the method for allocating existing quota. However, in relation to any additional fishing opportunities negotiated by virtue of the UK’s new status as an independent coastal state, Defra intend to begin a conversation with the Devolved Administrations, Crown Dependencies and stakeholders to allocate these on a different basis, including the potential use of alternative methodologies such as zonal attachment. A new methodology would be in place in time for the allocation of any additional fishing opportunities agreed from December 2020 onwards.

In England, Defra will seek to mirror the approach outlined for UK allocations, by developing with stakeholders a new allocation methodology for additional fishing opportunities agreed from December 2020 onwards, while ensuring the functioning of the UK internal market.

To give us the tools to enable changes, the Fisheries Bill proposes powers that will enable Defra to explore and pilot alternative approaches to the future allocation of fishing opportunities and models to fund future fisheries science in England.

We will consider the establishment of a reserve of quota to be managed and allocated by the Marine Management Organisation (MMO) in accordance with new criteria to meet the future needs of the industry. This could include allocation of some fishing opportunities specifically for recreational angling.

We will consider allocating some fishing opportunity, which could be from within the reserve, through a tendering or auctioning system.

We will also consider allocating part of any new quota in the reserve to underpin a new approach to tackle the problem of choke species, so that the crucial discard ban works in practice as well as in theory.

We will consider the development of new ways to deter fishers from catching or discarding fish caught in excess of quota, drawing on the experience of other fishing states such as New Zealand. Such fish could be subject to a charge related to the market value of the fish landed, with the landings covered by quota retained in the reserve for such purposes. These charges could be recycled back into the sector to help develop measures to help them further change behaviour and thus reduce the need for the scheme over time.

Such an approach would maintain a powerful disincentive to targeting any fish species where quota is scarce since fish subject to a charge would have little or no value to the fishermen who landed them. However, it would avoid the problem of individual Producer Organisations or vessels being grounded through the problem of choke species.

We want an efficient but sustainable industry. Technological advances have driven greater efficiency and modern smaller boats are able to catch far more fish than previously. We will therefore consider new criteria to define low impact inshore fishing vessels to replace the current ‘under 10 metre’ category.

We will consider a targeted scientific trial using an effort (days at sea) based regime in place of a quota regime for some low impact inshore fisheries.

If evaluation of the outcomes shows that such approaches are successful with the low impact inshore fleet, consistent with our commitment to sustainable fishing, then we will give careful consideration to further selective trials for deployment of effort based regimes or alternative hybrid models in other parts of the demersal fleet.

In considering how fisheries may be managed in future, we will be very mindful of lessons about unintended consequences and importantly, about the implications for fishermen’s safety.

We will consider how we can further integrate recreational angling within the new fisheries framework recognising the societal benefits of this activity and impacts on some stocks.

1. Setting our course

1.1. Introduction

The UK Government’s aim is to build a vibrant and sustainable marine fishing industry by taking exclusive responsibility for managing fisheries resources within our own waters.

When we leave the EU, the UK will become an independent coastal state under international law (UNCLOS ^{[footnote 2]} ) with jurisdiction over our territorial sea and EEZ – out to 200 nautical miles (nm) or the median line between us and neighbouring states.

This White Paper sets out Defra’s new approach to fisheries management after the UK becomes an independent coastal state outside of the CFP, which needs to be science-based, principled and adaptive.

The document discusses a range of fisheries policy matters, subject to continuing discussions between Defra and the Devolved Administrations about a future UK framework (section 1.5), and discussions about where powers or competencies returning from the EU should be exercised (consistent with the government’s 2017 Manifesto ^{[footnote 3]}). Domestic fisheries management is already devolved and there is an expectation for an increase in the Devolved Administrations’ powers in this area.

We will pursue our new policy approach through action in three inter-related areas:

• legislation centred on the EU (Withdrawal) Act and the forthcoming Fisheries Bill, including new powers to control access to UK waters and to set fishing opportunities, followed up through secondary legislation and executive action (section 1.2 below)
• negotiations with the EU and other coastal states, particularly on access to waters and fishing opportunities (section 1.3)
• meeting our international commitments, notably on sustainability and trade (section 1.4)

The main focus here is commercial marine fisheries, a UK sector which landed £936m ^{[footnote 4]} of sea fish (including shellfish) in 2016 into the UK and abroad (see Annex A). Recreational fishing, with around 1 million anglers, is also an important sector and we also take account of the implications for the wider seafood industry including processing and aquaculture (section 4). We aim to manage these fisheries – and the wider marine environment – as a shared resource, a public asset held in stewardship for the benefit of all.

Defra’s recent 25 Year Environment Plan (25YEP) set out this government’s ambition to secure clean, healthy, productive, and biologically diverse seas and oceans. This includes pursuing an ecosystem approach to fisheries management, which aims for more sustainable management and accounts for, and seeks to minimise, impacts on non-commercial species and the marine environment generally. This involves restoring and maintaining the healthy fish stocks and marine environment which underpin a prosperous fishing industry (sections 2.1, 2.6 and 2.7).

Sustainable seafood production contributes to ensuring that the UK has a secure, environmentally sustainable and healthy supply of food. There are exciting opportunities for fishers, as well as the wider seafood sector across the UK, to supply consumers’ growing demand for sustainable, resource-efficient and nutritious food.

These are outline proposals, and we want to deepen and strengthen our partnership with the Devolved Administrations, as well as industry and other non-governmental stakeholders, to implement them in ways that work best for the seafood industries, coastal communities and the marine environment.

1.2. Legislation

We will use both primary and secondary legislation to pursue our new approach, taking account of the wider landscape of domestic legislation concerning EU exit.

At the time of publication of this White Paper, the government is preparing a Withdrawal Agreement and Implementation Bill (WAIB) that will ensure a legal framework is in place for the implementation period, under which most EU rules will continue to apply until December 2020.

The European Union (Withdrawal) Act enables the government to provide continuity and legal certainty by bringing EU rules into UK law as ‘retained EU law’. Retained EU law will then be replaced in time with domestic legislation.

For fisheries, retained EU law will include around 100 pieces of legislation that make up the CFP, and set out the CFP’s high-level objectives. This will mean we continue to deliver international commitments on sustainable fishing, as well as provisions on elements including the landing obligation (discard ban), technical measures on matters such as gear types and mesh sizes, measures relating to control and enforcement and the common market organisation (background on the CFP at Annex B.) The CFP Regulations also contain specific powers which allow the Commission to make legislation in relation to a variety of other matters, such as to amend species under conservation measures based on scientific evidence, or to introduce measures to protect marine life.

Our approach will be to use powers under the EU (Withdrawal) Act to correct this body of retained EU law, so that it is operable in the UK, pending future review.

The powers in the EU (Withdrawal) Act to correct retained EU law are time limited.

The government has been clear we will bring forward major policy changes through other primary legislation. The Fisheries Bill, announced in the Queen’s speech last year, will deliver a significant change to the way fisheries are managed in the UK. The Bill will restate the UK’s commitment to sustainable fisheries and propose provisions to:

• enable the UK to take back control of access to our fishing waters (territorial sea extending up to 12 nautical miles and our EEZ extending up to 200 nautical miles offshore) by allowing the UK to decide which countries’ vessels may fish in these areas
• preserve equal access for UK vessels throughout UK waters. The CFP currently provides for access for UK vessels throughout UK waters. The Bill would ensure that this is maintained
• set fishing opportunities (quota or days at sea) for the UK. This would implement the international agreements on TACs made between the UK, the EU and coastal states like Norway
• require the Secretary of State to develop a policy statement, with Devolved Administration ministers, on how to apply specified sustainability principles and objectives in fisheries management
• allow the UK to respond to scientific advice, protect the marine environment and meet our international commitments by taking a power to amend retained EU law (and to make changes to existing UK law) relating to fisheries. This is necessary because of the large number of highly technical regulations which need to be amended regularly in order to manage fisheries sustainably, as well implement international commitments relating to fisheries. The power would be exercisable by the Secretary of State in relation to England, subject to final decisions on the EU (Withdrawal) Act and discussions with the Devolved Administrations on constitutional issues and UK frameworks, and will be as tightly constrained as possible.
• ensure we can protect the marine environment, by extending powers in the Marine and Coastal Access Act to allow for the regulation of fishing activity for the purpose of protecting the marine environment both in the inshore and offshore zones outside Marine Protected Areas. This would be for England only but we are open to discussions with the Devolved Administrations about creating similar powers for them.
• improve the MMO’s cost recovery. These will make sure the MMO in England has the same powers as the Devolved Administrations already have. They will ensure we can encourage behaviour change in the industry and a responsible approach to the management of a public asset.
• allow a scheme to be set up to tender or auction English quota linked, for instance, to a proportion of the quota gained as a result of negotiations with the EU and coastal states and to introduce a scheme to enable fishers to avoid the problem of choke species while deterring discards
• modernise grant-making powers in England

We do not yet know the outcome of the UK’s negotiations to withdraw from the EU or on a future economic partnership. The powers proposed in the Fisheries Bill have therefore been developed to make sure that we can respond flexibly and quickly to a dynamic environment as we approach exit, but also manage fisheries more effectively, for example by responding to scientific advice in the years to come. In doing so, the Fisheries Bill will mean that Parliament has a greater level of scrutiny over future secondary legislation on fisheries than it currently enjoys over comparable EU legislation.

1.3. Negotiations with the EU and other coastal states

As an independent coastal state, the UK will work closely with the EU and other coastal states, including Norway and the Faroe Islands, to manage transboundary stocks, including through agreeing TACs, access and shares of fishing opportunities. This is vital for sustainable exploitation. The UK has long championed sustainable fishing and is committed to such cooperation in line with our obligations under UNCLOS and the UN Fish Stocks Agreement (UNFSA).

Defra will continue to work closely with the Devolved Administrations and Crown Dependencies in determining and pursuing mutually beneficial UK positions in international negotiations, as reflected in the UK framework process discussed at section 1.5.

On 19 March, the UK and EU reached an agreement on the nature and length of the implementation period. This was endorsed by the European Council on 22 March. The agreement clarifies that the UK’s share of quotas will not change during the implementation period and that the UK can attend international negotiations as part of the EU delegation. Furthermore, the agreement includes an obligation on both sides to act in good faith during the implementation period.

These arrangements will only apply to negotiations in 2019. The UK will be a full Member State for negotiations in 2018 and, critically, in 2020 we will be negotiating fishing opportunities for 2021 as a third country and independent coastal state completely separately from the CFP.

As an independent coastal state, we will decide who can access our waters after 2020, and on what terms, for the first time in over 40 years. Any decisions about giving vessels from the EU, and any other coastal states, access to our waters will then be a matter for negotiation.

Fisheries will be a separate strand of our future relationship with the EU. Through the fisheries strand the EU and the UK, as an independent coastal state, will negotiate on access to waters and fishing opportunities on an annual basis. This is consistent with the approach to fisheries taken by other Coastal States including Norway.

To make sure that we are fully able to control UK waters after leaving the EU, the government gave notice on 3 July 2017 to withdraw from the 1964 London Fisheries Convention (LFC). This provides for certain arrangements between coastal states allowing access to fisheries in the 6-12 nautical mile zone. Vessels from France, Ireland, Belgium, Germany and the Netherlands have some access to the UK 6-12 nautical mile zone. Withdrawal from the Convention requires 2 years notice.

Given the heavy reliance on UK waters of the EU fishing industry (on average between 2012 and 2016 other EU Member States’ vessels landed in the region of 760,000 tonnes of fish (£540 million revenue)), as well as the importance of EU waters to the UK (UK vessels landed approximately 90,000 tonnes of fish (£110 million revenue) ^{[footnote 1]} in other Member States’ waters per year in the same time period), it is in both our interests to reach a deal that works for the UK and the EU’s fishing communities.

Under the CFP’s principle of relative stability, the UK receives a fixed share of fishing opportunities based on historical fishing patterns in 1973 - 1978. This is seen by many in the sector as unrepresentative of the fish now in UK waters.

We will be seeking to move away from relative stability towards a fairer and more scientific method for future TAC shares as a condition of future access. Initially, we will seek to secure increased fishing opportunities through the process of ‘annual exchanges’ as part of annual fisheries negotiations. In due course, as part of those annual negotiations we would be open to considering multi-annual agreements for appropriate stocks, as happens currently between the EU and other coastal states.

We have instigated a comprehensive programme of research to inform this process, working closely with Cefas and MMO, to provide the evidence to support a fairer share of fishing opportunities for UK fishers. Annex C sets out some indicative charts demonstrating how relative stability provides a poor deal for the UK compared to other potential approaches.

The UK has always been committed to sustainable fisheries and we shall continue to work closely with our neighbours to ensure the sustainable management of shared stocks and the wider marine environment. As part of the negotiations on our future relationship with the EU, we will seek to agree a process for future annual negotiations on access and fishing opportunities as well as an approach for continued cooperation on fisheries management and on longer term sustainable approaches.

Access to markets for fisheries products will be agreed as part of our future economic partnership, just as with other goods and food products. This is separate to the question of fishing opportunities and access to waters, which consequently will be addressed separately, founded on the UK’s legal status as an independent coastal state. This is consistent with fisheries agreements internationally, and with EU-third country precedents. Both the EU and UK have an interest in continued trade for the fisheries and wider seafood sector.

In negotiating new arrangements with the EU, we will give particular attention to enabling cross border co-operation on fisheries management between Northern Ireland and Ireland, in line with the commitments agreed by the UK and the Commission in the Joint Report (published 8th of December 2017).

The UK will also apply to be an independent member of Regional Fisheries Management Organisations (RFMOs, including the North East Atlantic Fisheries Commission (NEAFC), where we will pursue our interests in negotiations on important pelagic stocks such as mackerel and Atlanto-Scandian herring. We will also play an active role in other international bodies such as the UN Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO). Where appropriate, we will work in close cooperation with the Crown Dependencies and the Overseas Territories.

In addition to taking part in established negotiations on fishing opportunities, we will look to move to longer term sustainable approaches in co-operation with the EU and other countries. The UK will project our commitment to sustainable fisheries and marine conservation in such negotiations and would require compliance with sustainable practices for any access granted to fish in UK waters. This will involve close co-operation between Defra and the Devolved Administrations.

1.4. Meeting international commitments

The UK Government has long championed sustainable fisheries, and is fully committed to achieving sustainable fisheries, including through delivering the commitments and goals we have advocated at international level.

Our new approach will help us deliver on commitments and principles including those in the Rio Declaration on Environment and Development and the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), especially SDG 14 both at home and abroad.

We remain fully committed to meeting our obligations under UNCLOS, UNFSA, FAO and relevant RFMOs, multilateral environmental agreements, such as the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) and Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES), and the World Trade Organisation (WTO) - and will reinvigorate our role in these organisations. By doing this we will maintain trade with other countries and develop a full relationship with the international bodies and committees that oversee control of fisheries and the marine environment. We will also continue to work actively through informal agreements and partnerships such as the UN Clean Seas Campaign and the Global Ghost Gear Initiative.

We are committed to support and implement the WTO ambition to end fisheries subsidies that contribute to overcapacity, overfishing and illegal, unregulated and unreported fishing; this will have significant global and development benefits and fulfil the pledge made by world leaders for the WTO to effect SDG 14.6.

WTO rules also set the framework for bilateral trade negotiations. The government is committed to seeking a deep and special partnership with the EU, encompassing the best possible deal for the seafood sector, including the shellfish, processing and aquaculture sectors, while ensuring that consumers continue to have a wide choice of high-quality food products at affordable prices. We are also committed to seek continuity in current trade and investment relationships, including those covered by EU third country Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) and preferential arrangements, as well as to secure access to new markets globally.

The UK will also work internationally to promote sustainable management of fisheries and the marine environment, drawing on its world class scientific expertise including Cefas, Marine Scotland Science, the Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, conservation advisors and academic institutions.

In April 2018, the UK hosted the Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting, which provided a platform to highlight the importance of the oceans to all Commonwealth member states. The UK Government supports the Blue Charter for the Commonwealth which addresses a range of environmental and blue economy issues, including through the provision of scientific advice and training to develop sustainable fisheries and aquaculture. The Blue Charter will galvanise action so that member states can move towards delivering the targets set out in SDG 14.

1.5. Territorial extent of our plans

We are working with the Devolved Administrations to develop a new UK framework for fisheries policy to make sure that the UK meets its international obligations, including under trade agreements, as well as enabling the functioning of the UK internal market (while acknowledging policy divergence) and the management of common fisheries resources. We expect that the outcome of this process will be an increase in the decision-making power of each of the Devolved Administrations.

Under each of the three devolution settlements, fisheries policy is devolved. It currently operates under an EU framework through the CFP. Below this, the four UK Fisheries Administrations, in England, Scotland, Northern Ireland and Wales, are able to make decisions on how to manage their fisheries within the CFP. This means there is some divergence, but also a degree of commonality, assisted by the agreement of a voluntary fisheries concordat on domestic management issues. In addition, there is close co-operation between the UK Government and the Devolved Administrations on international fisheries negotiations.

As the UK leaves the CFP and fisheries management powers return from the EU, we are working closely with the Devolved Administrations to agree where UK-wide frameworks will be required.

These decisions are being guided by the cross-cutting principles for the consideration of UK frameworks agreed by the UK Government and the Scottish and Welsh Governments at JMC (EN) in October 2017:

1. Common frameworks will be established where they are necessary in order to:
   • enable the functioning of the UK internal market, while acknowledging policy divergence
   • ensure compliance with international obligations
   • ensure the UK can negotiate, enter into and implement new trade agreements and international treaties
   • enable the management of common resources
   • administer and provide access to justice in cases with a cross-border element
   • safeguard the security of the UK
2. Frameworks will respect the devolution settlements and the democratic accountability of the devolved legislatures and will therefore:
   • be based on established conventions and practices, including the competence of the devolved institutions and will not normally be adjusted without their consent
   • maintain, as a minimum, equivalent flexibility for tailoring policies to the specific needs of each territory as is afforded by current EU rules
   • lead to a significant increase in decision-making powers for the Devolved Administrations
3. Frameworks will ensure recognition of the economic and social linkages between Northern Ireland and Ireland and that Northern Ireland will be the only part of the UK that shares a land frontier with the EU. They will also adhere to the Belfast Agreement.

There is support from some in the UK fishing and seafood industry for a UK framework which provides a degree of consistency across the different parts of the UK, making it easier for them to move, catch and sell fish whilst operating under common rules. Other stakeholders have underlined the need for close collaboration between different competent authorities on cross border issues.

Initial discussions between Defra and the Devolved Administrations suggest that there are a number of fisheries policy areas where common approaches will be necessary or desirable across the UK. Many of these can be implemented through co-operation arrangements but others will require legislation. Joint work is continuing to develop a common framework, including a new memorandum of understanding on non-legislative elements, which will address both international and domestic management issues, as well as maintaining the functioning of the UK internal market. The composition and scope of the framework has not yet been agreed and work continues with the Devolved Administrations.

We are also working with the Bailiwick of Jersey, the Bailiwick of Guernsey, including the jurisdictions of Alderney and Sark, and the Isle of Man. We will develop new fisheries management agreements with the Crown Dependencies which reflect their autonomy in managing their fisheries while maintaining the overall coherence of the UK’s fisheries policy to ensure compliance with international obligations.

This White Paper is a UK Government policy document that discusses a range of fisheries policy matters, subject to the continuing discussions between Defra and the Devolved Administrations. The scope of the different provisions proposed for the new Fisheries Bill will vary depending on what powers already exist in different areas and what is agreed between the Administrations: some will have UK-wide extent; others will apply to England only, or to England and the Devolved Administrations that wish to adopt them. The powers concerning international relations, on access to waters and setting quota, will be exercised at UK level.

1.6. Setting our course: questions

Q1: Do you agree with the proposed powers in the Fisheries Bill?

Q2: What are your priorities for UK negotiations with the EU on fisheries?

Q3. What are your priorities for controlling our waters after exit?

Q4: What are your priorities for the UK’s international role in fisheries (beyond the EU)?

Q5: What are the fisheries policy areas where a common legislative or non-legislative approach (framework) across the UK is necessary?

Q6: Do you have any further comments relating to the issues addressed in this section?

2. Pursuing sustainable management

2.1. Promoting sustainable fishing

Both within the EU and globally the UK has championed sustainable fishing, including the achievement of Maximum Sustainable Yield (MSY). Building on the general objective including MSY in UNCLOS (1982), we successfully worked to consolidate this as a specific political commitment at the Johannesburg World Summit on Sustainable Development (2002) and a legally-binding one for EU Member States in the reformed CFP of 2014.

The sustainable exploitation of stocks is vital to the existence of the fishing and recreational sectors. Achieving MSY may involve short term costs to these sectors from a reduction in catch for certain species, but results in longer term benefits from a more sustainable level of fishing.

Working together with EU Member States and other coastal states such as Norway, we have seen significant progress in recent years towards setting exploitation rates that are consistent with MSY. Out of 45 stocks that are MSY-assessed and targeted by the UK, 31 are now being exploited in line with MSY ^{[footnote 5]}. The process of rebuilding stocks to their maximum potential is a gradual one, but it is bearing results.

For example, cod stocks in the North Sea have recovered thanks to better management over the last decade, resulting from close adherence to scientific advice, incentivising of measures that improve selectivity, and involving industry in managing the recovery. Stocks have now risen to safe levels ^{[footnote 6]}. North Sea cod can now be sold in supermarkets and restaurants, bearing the Marine Stewardship Council’s ‘blue tick’ label, indicating that it is sustainable and fully traceable.

Further to our commitments under SDG14, including its targets for 2020, the UK Government will continue to work with our European partners to regulate fishing and to set harvest rates that restore and maintain fish stocks at least to levels that can produce MSY.

This will mean agreeing catch rates that are based on the best available science. In mixed fisheries, that will include taking account of the interactions between harvested species and with the wider ecosystem, in order to set rates that will optimise MSY across the different stocks and ensure their long term health. Where the data is insufficient to have an MSY-based assessment, we will adopt catch limits or other precautionary management measures that conserve those stocks while data is improved. There will also be close co-operation between Defra and the Devolved Administrations, who have responsibilities for such conservation measures where stocks are concentrated in their territorial sea.

After we leave the EU and the CFP the government will publish an annual statement on our assessment of the state of stocks of interest to the UK (mainly from the International Council for the Exploration of the Seas (ICES)) and our approach to setting fishing rates and other management measures for the year ahead. If particular stocks are in trouble and falling below safe biological limits, the government will work with all interested parties to draw up and implement recovery plans, to ensure they are restored to a healthy condition. This will be done in collaboration with the Devolved Administrations, also recognising that some stocks are concentrated in the areas they manage.

Success will ultimately be measured by our ability to rebuild and maintain stocks, while improving the health of our marine ecosystems and adapting to changes including the impacts of climate change. This will require long-term planning on the part of all four Fisheries Administrations and their deployment of the full range of measures within our control including catch limits, discard controls, gear selectivity, spatial and temporal closures, minimisation of by-catch, and a strong compliance mechanism. It will also require continued and close cooperation with our European partners with whom we share these precious resources.

The 25YEP for England looks well beyond the SDGs to 2042, so contains the following goal: Ensuring that all fish stocks are recovered to and maintained at levels that can produce their maximum sustainable yield. This reflects commitments under UNCLOS and the SDGs which apply across the UK.

2.2. Managing who fishes in our seas and the amount caught

As an independent coastal state we will pursue negotiating outcomes on access and fishing opportunities that are consistent with the best available scientific evidence.

Any foreign vessels granted access to fish in UK waters will need to meet the same requirements as our fleets across all UK fishing zones, including adherence to sustainable practices.

Commercial fishing opportunities can be managed by the amount of fish a vessel can catch (quota system), or by the amount of time it can spend fishing, (effort system). We currently regulate mainly by quota, which is the system supported by most fisheries scientists, industry representatives and other stakeholders around the world.

We know too that fishing remains one of the most dangerous occupations and that some of the unintended consequences of action can result in implications for fisherman’s safety. We therefore intend to consider safety throughout the policy development and implementation process for new management systems, practices and technology.

2.3. Reforming fisheries management

Leaving the EU and CFP means the UK will no longer be bound by relative stability, and provides the opportunity to move towards a fairer and more scientific method for the allocation of fishing opportunities. As highlighted in section 1.3 above, there is an imbalance between fish caught in our waters by foreign vessels compared with our fleet’s catch in other countries’ waters.

The fish in our seas, like our wider marine assets, are a public resource and therefore the rights to catch them are a public asset. As we look to negotiate with the EU and coastal states for a fairer share of the fishing opportunities, we also need to consider how those opportunities are allocated across the UK and within England in future.

Currently, opportunities (largely quota) are apportioned administratively to each of the four Fisheries Administrations by the Secretary of State. The apportionment is done using a methodology set out in the UK Quota Management Rules (QMRs) under arrangements made in the 2012 Fisheries Concordat. Each of the Fisheries Administrations is then able to allocate its quota to its industry as it wishes. This methodology uses Fixed Quota Allocations (FQAs). FQAs were established in 1999, based on a reference period of 1993 to 1996, and we recognise that fishermen have invested in FQAs. We will continue to use this methodology for the apportionment of existing quota.

In relation to any additional opportunities negotiated by virtue of the UK’s new status as an independent coastal state, leaving the EU allows us to explore other methodologies, such as zonal attachment, to help inform how we might allocate additional fishing opportunities. Defra intends to begin a conversation with the Devolved Administrations and stakeholders to allocate these on a different basis. A new methodology will to be in place in time for the allocation of any additional opportunities agreed from December 2020 onwards.

In England, Defra will take a similar approach to that outlined for UK allocations, by developing with stakeholders new allocation criteria for any additional quota agreed from December 2020 onwards, while ensuring the functioning of the UK internal market.

We will learn from best practice in other fisheries nations, such as Iceland and New Zealand, where the commercial fishing industry and the recreational sector works in closer partnership with government while making a greater financial contribution. We will also look at the establishment of a reserve drawing on any additional fishing opportunity in England, to be allocated by the MMO in accordance with the new criteria. We will work with the industry and key stakeholders to develop these, but some early thoughts include:

• that we will retain some fishing opportunities to incentivise the reduction of discards (see 2.6 below)
• to place a value on fish as a sustainable natural resource and raise revenue from the new opportunity. This revenue will be used to support fisheries science, particularly the stock surveys that underpin annual negotiations for the Total Allowable Catch and in year fisheries management. We would work with industry and stakeholders to examine a range of ways to distribute any new fishing opportunities, which may include auctioning or tendering, considering the wider potential benefits, including those which stand to be delivered by applicant Producer Organisations’ (POs) plans for sustainable fisheries.
• to consider the needs of different parts of the industry in distribution of the new opportunity, subject to the review of sectoral categories mentioned at section 2.3
• to consider whether some fishing opportunities should be reserved for the recreational angling sector

Fisheries POs have a key role to play in the management of our fisheries in the future, from contributing to quota management to supporting their members in creating added value in their catches. We will work with POs to consider how we can build upon their strengths and identify potential new roles in fisheries management.

We are reviewing the economic link conditions to ensure that UK registered vessels including foreign owned vessels, fishing for UK quota produce genuine economic benefits for UK coastal communities dependent on fisheries and fisheries related industries. Our aim is to ensure that UK communities derive maximum benefit from UK quota.

Defra will review how fishing opportunities are managed in England. Some fishermen advocate a greater use of an effort system, as currently used for some non-quota shellfish, or a combination of the two approaches. We have looked at fisheries management systems in other countries. Where effort only has been used, there are reports that key stocks have not been managed sustainably. TAC and quota systems are used in most other cases. However, while taking account of evidence from previous experiences elsewhere, Defra will consider a targeted scientific trial in English waters to see whether effort controls could provide an effective way to manage some waters or stocks consistent with delivering our commitment to fish at sustainable levels. This would initially be focused on the lowest impact inshore fisheries and would require robust vessel monitoring systems and catch reporting to be in place before any trial could begin in order to evaluate the outcomes and case for any extension of trialling.

Defra and MMO will also work with scientists, stakeholders and industry to develop an effective method for sustainable management of non-quota stocks in the Western Waters. This will include exploring the use of management systems such as catch limits and technical measures in place of the existing effort regime for certain shellfisheries, to determine whether these would be more appropriate for particular species and fishing methods, and more effective in achieving sustainable fisheries. The outcome overall could be a combination of new multi-species and stock specific management plans, backed up by appropriate control and enforcement including the use of modern technology such as vessel monitoring systems and cameras. We will also discuss these issues with the Devolved Administrations.

We want a diverse fishing fleet using efficient, modern technology (where appropriate) and best practice to help it fish sustainably and safely. We want to explore incentives to fish within sustainable limits and with appropriate regard to the health of the wider marine environment. We want a proportionate approach to regulation which makes sure that those who are compliant are able to fish and those that are not cannot; and that those who have the highest impact on stocks and ecosystems will be subject to the tightest requirements.

We want to use technology to support the collection and use of data and information to develop a much more transparent regime, learning from coastal states such as Norway, Iceland and the Faroe Islands.

Defra and MMO can use this opportunity to review how the English inshore fleet, many parts of which could be viewed as relatively low impact (such as artisan fishers with close ties to their coastal communities), is managed and regulated. Instead of the current ‘under 10 metre’ category we will consider a variety of potential options including limits to engine power and restrictions on where such vessels can fish. This approach supported by vessel monitoring and electronic catch-reporting could allow us to provide increased fishing opportunities, or lighter regulation, for those involved in low impact fishing activity. At the same time, it would be necessary to monitor the potential cumulative impact of medium impact vessels.

Recreational angling is a popular sport in England bringing both economic and social benefits to the UK. Defra will look at how to further integrate recreational angling into fishery management governance and decisions. This could include managing some stocks specifically for the recreational angling sector only.

Experience has shown that in developing fisheries management policy, there can be unintended consequences. We therefore will need to proceed carefully, considering the best available evidence, safety implications and will work closely with industry and interested parties.

Such measures should help support a diverse, profitable and sustainable fleet that serves the needs of coastal communities and the UK economy.

2.4. Being ready to control our waters and preventing illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing (IUU)

Robust systems need to be in place as we leave the EU to protect UK waters from illegal or irresponsible fishing activities. Defra will work closely with the Devolved Administrations, Crown Dependencies, delivery bodies (principally the MMO and the Inshore Fisheries and Conservation Authorities (IFCAs)) and other agencies to make sure that effective and appropriate control and enforcement is in place in UK waters and for UK vessels fishing globally.

The Joint Maritime Operations Co-ordination Centre (JMOCC) was established in October 2017, with 12 main partners including the MMO, Royal Navy, Border Force, Marine Scotland, IFCAs, Maritime and Coastguard Agency, National Crime Agency and the National Maritime Information Centre.

The JMOCC will operate as a coordinating authority, including for cross-agency patrol capabilities, information sharing and aerial surveillance, and make sure we can control our EEZ and work with the industry so that the most modern technology is in place to monitor activities of fishing vessels. Together with effective legislation, such measures will help deliver sustainable fishing and enable us to demonstrate compliance with our international obligations.

The UK seafood industry is dependent on international trade and we currently have a trade surplus with the EU. In order to maintain this, we need to use the most reliable possible methods of ensuring that the fish caught is fully recorded and make sure that full data informs our management methods, helping to maintain access to EU markets and increase access for our exports to other overseas markets. We will also seek to control our borders to prevent global IUU catches from entering our supply chain, including through continued international cooperation.

Deploying well-resourced, modern systems across our whole fleet to help control our waters and monitor the fish we catch will benefit both the UK economy and global sustainability as we leave the EU. We will monitor and adjust these as we develop our new UK management approach so that the most effective methods are used. We will encourage the use of innovative technology, use our information more intelligently and to create greater transparency.

2.5. Collecting the best scientific data by the most modern methods

Flexible, efficient and effective fisheries management needs the best possible scientific data on fish stocks and impacts on the wider environment, so Defra will make sure that our monitoring programme is allied with the most modern equipment and utilisation of all available data, including that used to monitor fishing activity as described in section 2.3.

In England we are looking at how to use technologies and techniques including: Earth Observation (EO) via remote sensing technologies to track plankton eaten by pelagic species, supplemented by surveying and analysis; REM technology; enhancing the data collected from fish grading machines; and software systems that enable fishermen to collect data and meet reporting requirements by using smartphone apps. Learning from other coastal states such as Norway, Iceland and the Faroe Islands, we will ensure greater transparency which will benefit all.

Defra will build on the existing close co-operation with the Devolved Administrations on data collection, while engaging with industry and others including NGOs, to gather the best available scientific evidence to inform policy and delivery.

UK scientists will continue to make a strong contribution to international co-operation on stock assessment and related fisheries science, primarily through the ICES as the independent global body for these purposes. In addition, UK scientists will continue to co-operate regionally with EU and other countries’ counterparts, on fisheries as well as the marine environment.

2.6. Preventing wasteful discarding of a precious natural resource

Historically, the CFP approach to quota management resulted in fishermen discarding some of their catch before they landed at ports, resulting in up to a million tonnes of fish being thrown back into EU waters each year ^{[footnote 7]}.

UK Ministers successfully worked to introduce the reforms leading to an obligation to land all catch, also known as the ‘discard ban’. The EU landing obligation first came into force in 2015 for pelagic species (such as mackerel and herring). Demersal species (such as cod and haddock) were covered from 2016, with additional fisheries being gradually phased in each year until all quota species are covered by 1 January 2019.

The UK Government remains fully committed to ending the wasteful discarding of fish and wants to work with the industry to address this issue.

In mixed fisheries common in UK waters, where several species can be caught during fishing activities, there are practical difficulties implementing the current EU landing obligation. In particular there is the problem of ‘choke’ where the exhaustion of one quota prevents fishing continuing for other species. In England we will work with the fishing industry and NGOs on the introduction of a complementary package of measures that are tailored to work effectively in UK waters. We will also be working closely with the Devolved Administrations on this issue.

We will develop new ways to help fishers manage fish caught out of quota, drawing on the experience of other fishing nations such as New Zealand, Iceland and Norway. One option is for such fish to be landed and subject to a charge related to the market value of the fish landed; the landings could be covered by quota retained in a reserve for such purposes.

The Fisheries Bill will therefore propose powers for the Secretary of State to establish a scheme to encourage compliance with the landing obligation and minimise wasteful discarding. Where fishers are unable to find quota to set against their catch they would be required to pay a charge that was, at least, equivalent to the catch’s commercial value (with an allowance for handling costs). This flexibility will be particularly important in mixed fisheries where it is very difficult entirely to avoid by-catch and traditional enforcement methods such as quota penalties and prosecution might not always be appropriate.

This could provide a powerful disincentive to targeting any fish species where quota is scarce since fish subject to a charge would have no value to the fishermen who landed them. However, it would give the sector a mechanism by which they could land the fish and thus avoid the problem of vessels being grounded because of choke species. We will consider whether it could be appropriate for income generated to be recycled into the sector to help develop measures to encourage further behavioural change and thus reduce the need for the scheme over time.

Defra is considering a number of other measures to reduce wasteful discards as we leave the CFP, including:

• REM on vessels – not only in the UK fleet but also other vessels accessing UK waters - to promote compliance at sea. Another benefit of REM will be improved data gathering which will strengthen our scientific evidence base (section 2.5).
• adaptive management measures to promote selective gears and avoid high risk areas, e.g. real time closures
• in England, further exemptions for high survivability. Where there is strong scientific evidence that species in particular fisheries show a good survival rate after being discarded, we will permit flexibilities for industry, in addition to those currently allowed under the EU landing obligation
• in England, removal of certain stocks from catch limits (quota). We will carefully consider whether alternative fisheries management measures could be used for certain species instead of catch limits. There would be strict criteria on the removal of catch limits and any proposal would need to be based on strong scientific evidence and consistent with our commitments to sustainability.
• if supported by the science, removing the requirement to land under-size fish of stocks that have little or no value, subject to appropriate control and enforcement and full documentation of the catches, which would be set against quota

We will establish a joint working party with industry and other interests to help develop the detail of how the schemes and other initiatives could work in practice. We will learn lessons from the implementation of the EU landing obligation to make sure that a new UK approach to discards is practical and effective.

2.7. Protecting our marine environment

Sustainable fishing not only requires stock management and protection of vulnerable Marine Protected Area (MPA) features, such as seabed habitats, cetaceans and seabirds, but also taking account of wider marine ecosystem impacts. The marine environment is a shared public asset and the impacts of the fishing industry need to be considered alongside those of other industries, sea users and the wider public. This is why the 25YEP commits us to reversing the loss of marine biodiversity and, where practicable, restoring it.

Effective management is required to reduce, offset, and where possible avoid, those fishing activities which have negative impacts on the health of the marine environment. This will frequently benefit the industry itself by maintaining ecosystems on which it depends, as well as helping achieve our wider objective to have a marine environment that is clean, healthy, safe, productive and biologically diverse.

Our UK Marine Strategy Regulations (2010), require the UK Government and Devolved Administrations to develop a UK Marine Strategy that applies an ecosystem-based approach to decisions on activities undertaken in, or affecting, the marine strategy area. The Marine Strategy put in place a comprehensive programme of measures designed to meet the biodiversity targets set to protect marine habitats and species in order to achieve good environmental status (GES) by the end of 2020.

Later in 2018, we will update the 2012 assessment of the extent that GES has been achieved, and update the targets used to characterise GES.

The UK has supported such objectives internationally, regionally, in the North-East Atlantic (OSPAR) ^{[footnote 8]}, and through interventions on EU fisheries policy, such as the 2016 revision of the EU Deep Sea Access regulation. There we successfully championed spatial management, including a targeted 800m depth ban on bottom-trawling, to protect vulnerable marine ecosystems while avoiding unnecessary impacts on the fishing industry.

We are also working closely with stakeholders to develop approaches to tackling the issue of bycatch of marine species such as cetaceans and seabirds, with the aim of identifying and implementing practical and effective risk-based mitigation.

Defra’s recent 25YEP underlines the need for decision making processes to take account of effects on the natural environment, including through the natural capital approach, which is reflected in the options for placing value on fish as a public asset set out in section 2.3 above. We will also work through OSPAR to assess the impact of fisheries on our marine environment.

After we leave the EU and CFP, we will retain EU Regulations that allow us to manage the impacts of fishing activity on the marine environment. In addition, we want UK authorities to be empowered to decide what measures are needed to protect the habitats and species throughout our waters (section 1.2). This will enable the government to deliver its commitment to a well-managed, ecologically coherent network of MPAs, in line with its vision for the marine environment and the 25YEP.

Concerns have been raised that when the UK leaves the EU – and irrespective of the new relationship we negotiate with it - there might be a ‘governance gap’ which could weaken accountability for the implementation of environmental regulations, including for the marine environment, which would also have implications for fisheries management.

Defra recognises these concerns and on 12 November 2017 the Secretary of State set out plans to consult on a new, independent body to hold government to account on environmental standards after we have left the EU. We have also proposed a new policy statement on environmental principles to underpin future-policy-making to apply after we leave.

On 10 May we published a consultation document on these issues, including how the new body can assist scrutiny of the recently published 25YEP. We will bring forward a new, ambitious Environmental Principles and Governance Bill to deliver these proposals. We will publish a draft Bill in autumn 2018, with introduction of the Bill early in the second session of this Parliament. We are exploring with the Devolved Administrations whether they wish to take a similar approach.

Progress on creating a ‘blue belt’ of Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) around our coast.

We have 299 MPAs in UK waters. Over 24% of UK waters are protected within MPAs and this includes 50 Marine Conservation Zones (MCZs) in England protecting over 20,000km² of precious marine habitats. In addition we have 45 Special Protection Areas for seabirds and 39 marine Special Areas of Conservation in England. A third tranche of Marine Conservation Zones will complete the network of ‘Blue belt’ sites.

2.8. Pursuing sustainable management: questions

Q7: Do you agree with the measures proposed to ensure fishing at sustainable levels?

Q8: Do you agree that existing quota should continue to be allocated on an FQA basis?

Q9: How should any additional quota that we negotiate as an independent coastal state be allocated?

Q10: Do you agree that Defra should run a targeted scientific trial of an effort system in English inshore waters?

Q11: Do you agree with our proposals to explore alternative management systems for certain shellfisheries in England?

Q12: Do you agree that there is a case for further integrating recreational angling into fisheries management?

Q13: Do you agree with the proposed package of measures and initiatives to reduce wasteful discards?

Q14: Do you agree with the proposed approach to protecting our marine environment in relation to fisheries including the powers proposed in the Fisheries Bill (see section 1.2)?

Q15: What opportunities are there for the sector to become more involved in both the provision and direction of science and evidence development needed for fisheries management?

Q16: Do you have any further comments relating to the issues addressed in this section?

3. Resourcing the new approach

3.1. Fisheries funding

The European Maritime and Fisheries Fund (EMFF) provides financial assistance to beneficiaries engaged in the catching, harvesting, processing and marketing of sea fisheries and produce from marine and fresh water aquaculture. Additionally it delivers environmental improvements, supports wider research and innovation, and assists coastal communities to adapt to changing circumstances and employment opportunities.

Background: European Maritime and Fisheries Fund (EMFF)

The EMFF allocation available to the UK between 2014 and 2020 is €243.1m and is split into three main activities:

• grants for projects (€145.6 million)
• data Collection Framework (DCF) for fisheries monitoring and assessment (€52.2 million)
• control and Enforcement (€45.2 million)

The priorities of the current programme include promoting the transition of the UK’s fleet to practices to encourage sustainable and discard-free fisheries and to develop IT tools and technologies used for control and enforcement and to improve the traceability of fisheries products.

3.2. Future fisheries funding

We will consider whether and how to replace the EMFF, which has supported the sector across the UK. In the design of any future scheme we could consider the sustainability and productivity of different parts of the sector and of coastal communities. Any funding would need to be consistent with the thrust of our new approach to fisheries management.

Any new scheme would be compatible with state aid rules, consistent with the functioning of the UK internal market and compatible with the WTO ambition to end fisheries subsidies that contribute to overcapacity, overfishing and illegal, unregulated and unreported fishing.

To provide flexibility to introduce a new grants scheme that can deliver better value for money, we are proposing in the Fisheries Bill, a power to replace, modernise and broaden the existing grant-making powers in the Fisheries Act 1981.

We will also use the Fisheries Bill to ensure the MMO in England has the same powers as elsewhere in the UK to recover their costs for fisheries management. This will ensure that they can carry out a process of continual improvement, making the service they provide to the sector as efficient as possible. In line with government’s Managing Public Money, certain services provided by public sector organisations are financed by charges, normally reflecting the full cost of providing those services. This may sometimes include services related to compliance and monitoring, subject to Treasury approval. This might also encourage schemes of self-assurance. Cost recovery will also encourage behaviour change in the industry and a responsible approach to the management of a public asset.

3.3. Supporting our coastal communities

The government’s 2017 manifesto committed to establish a United Kingdom Shared Prosperity Fund. With this Fund, the government will focus investment towards domestic priorities, reduce inequalities between communities across the country and increase productivity based on our modern industrial strategy.

This will be important for coastal communities across the UK, many of which are situated in rural areas and face particular challenges arising from their geography.

The Industrial Strategy White Paper set out the government’s intention to consult widely on the precise design and priorities for the fund in 2018.

Another fund available to support fishing communities is the Coastal Communities Fund (CCF) which is a multi-million pound government fund to support coastal communities in the UK. CCF supports projects which will promote economic growth and create more jobs in coastal areas.

Since 2012 the government has invested £174 million across the UK in 295 CCF projects (noting that for Scotland CCF has now been devolved as part of the Smith Commission agreement). Through CCF there will be another £40 million available for spend from April 2019 to end of March 2021; this has now closed for new applications.

Working alongside CCF, government has also provided £1.46 million to help establish 146 Coastal Community Teams (CCTs) bring together local businesses, councils and communities to develop and take forward strategic economic plans for local areas, making better use of other private and public investment, including the CCF.

3.4. Resourcing the new approach: questions

Q17: What would be your priorities for any future funding for the sector or coastal communities?

Q18: Do you have any further comments relating to the issues addressed in this section?

4. Partnership working

We have been listening to a range of stakeholders as we have developed the approach to fisheries management laid out in this White Paper (summary of engagement at Annex D).

The UK Government wants to see a diverse, profitable and sustainable fishing fleet, while recognising that its structure, opportunities and challenges vary across different parts of the UK. We remain fully committed to working with a wide range of partners to introduce a management regime that works for the catching sector, coastal communities, the seafood sector, consumers, NGOs and the wider public.

Among our closest partners are the Devolved Administrations and we have outlined current discussions on how we work together at section 1.5. Working closely with the EU and other overseas Fisheries Administrations is also essential for the management of shared stocks.

Our commitment to work with the wider industry was shown when in May 2016 the Fisheries Minister George Eustice invited stakeholders to be part of a Seafood Industry Expert Working Group with a membership that spans sea and farm to plate. The Group was tasked with helping to deliver the Seafood 2040 vision by identifying actions to support the long-term sustainable growth and future economic success of the seafood chain in England, taking into account its workforce, the communities in which it operates and the needs of the consumer.

The Expert Group has recently launched Seafood 2040: A Strategic Framework for England. It contains twenty-five recommendations for a range of organisations including the industry, Seafish, government and the third sector which will help to develop, support and grow the whole seafood value chain. Whilst the Strategic Framework’s focus was on England, many of the recommendations are likely to be applicable and beneficial to the Devolved Administrations and, where this is appropriate, we will work with them to deliver greater benefits for the UK as a whole.

Our future vision is that industry should take a greater, shared responsibility for sustainably managing fisheries, while making a greater contribution towards the costs. This can include, for example, work to develop new management practices and contributing to fisheries science, being part of the delegation in the negotiations, being more actively engaged in fisheries management decisions and co-designing future policy. We are examining cases where other countries have pursued this partnership approach, including through putting a value on fishing opportunities to incentivise sustainable management.

This White Paper is a first step in setting out our future approach but we remain committed to working closely with the industry, the NGOs and other stakeholders as we pursue legislative and other methods to implement reform. This will help us to refine proposals so that they deliver for the economy, the environment and society. As we develop plans further we will engage further with stakeholders and enable proper Parliamentary scrutiny of any future changes to legislation.

4.1. Partnership working: questions

Q19: How far do you agree with our future vision to pursue a partnership approach with industry and others for sustainably managing fisheries?

Q20. Do you have any further comments relating to the issues addressed in this section?

5. Next steps

We will continue to develop and deliver our new approach to fisheries management for the benefit of industry, fishing communities and the marine environment across the whole of the UK. As explained in Section 4, we have been speaking to stakeholders and will continue to engage with them through both formal and informal consultation mechanisms, as we introduce different elements of the reform package over a number of years. We would welcome views on the initial outline approach in this White Paper.

We want to hear from as many people and organisations as possible – from industry, NGOs, academia and others.

Many of the questions posed in this White Paper are open. We encourage respondents to provide not just their opinions but also the supporting facts and reasoning to inform the evidence base for the development of final proposals. Respondents do not have to answer all the questions and so can choose those of specific interest. Questions which you do not wish to respond to can be left blank.

Response due date: Please respond by 12 September 2018.

How to respond: Please respond via citizen space accessible via https://consult.defra.gov.uk/marine/sustainable-fisheries-for-future-generations. Feedback can also be sent to us by email FisheriesEngagement@defra.gsi.gov.uk or by Post to:

Fisheries White Paper Consultation team
Department for Environment, Food & Rural Affairs
First Floor,
Seacole Block,
2 Marsham Street

London
SW1P 4DF

Annexes

The following annexes are available in the PDF version of this document, published alongside this one:

• Annex A: The UK fisheries industry
• Annex B: The CFP and the need for fisheries reform
• Annex C: Zonal Attachment Evidence
• Annex D: Stakeholder engagement

1. UK data source: https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/uk-sea-fisheries-annual-statistics-report-2016 (the datasets underlying the UK landings by EEZ report)

   OMS data source: https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/announcements/landings-by-non-uk-eu-member-states-fishing-vessels-from-the-uks-territorial-waters-and-exclusive-economic-zone-2012-2016 ↩ ↩² ↩³

2. The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (1982) sets out the legal framework within which all activities in the oceans and seas must be carried out. It gives legal recognition to the right of a coastal state to jurisdiction over its Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) (12-200nm or the median line with other coastal states). A coastal state has the right to exploit, develop, manage and conserve all the natural resources (including fish) found in the waters of the EEZ, on the ocean floor and in the subsoil of its continental shelf. Contracting states must cooperate with other states where the same stock or stocks straddle two or more EEZs, the EEZ and the high seas, or where the stock is a highly migratory species, which is the case for virtually all stocks fished by the UK. ↩ ↩²

3. ‘We will respect the devolution settlements: no decision-making that has been devolved will be taken back to Westminster. Indeed, we envisage that the powers of the Devolved Administrations will increase as we leave the EU.’ Accessed from: https://www.conservatives.com/manifesto. ↩

4. UK sea fisheries annual report 2016, MMO ↩

5. https://www.parliament.uk/business/publications/written-questions-answers-statements/written-question/Commons/2018-01-09/121754 ↩

6. http://ices.dk/sites/pub/Publication%20Reports/Advice/2017/2017/cod.27.47d20_replaced.pdf ↩

7. http://www.fao.org/docrep/008/y5936e/y5936e00.htm ↩

8. OSPAR is the mechanism by which 15 Governments and the EU cooperate to protect the marine environment of the North-East Atlantic. ↩