Research and analysis

Appendix 4: References

Published 29 October 2021

American Psychological Association (2009a). ‘Report of the task force on appropriate therapeutic responses to sexual orientation’. American Psychological Association.

American Psychological Association (2009b). ‘Report of the APA task force on gender identity and gender variance’. American Psychological Association.

American Psychological Association. (2012). ‘Guidelines for psychological practice with lesbian, gay, and bisexual clients’. American Psychologist, 67(1), 10-42. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1037/a0024659

American Psychological Association (2015). ‘Guidelines for psychological practice with transgender and gender nonconforming people’. American Psychologist, 70(9), 832-864. Available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0039906

Arthur E, McGill D, and Essary E H (2014). ‘Playing it straight: Framing strategies among reparative therapists’. Sociological Inquiry, 84(1), 16-41. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1111/soin.12026

Ashley F (2019). ‘Homophobia, conversion therapy, and care models for trans youth: defending the gender-affirmative approach’. Journal of LGBT Youth, 1–18. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/19361653.2019.1665610

Baams L, Grossman A H and Russell, ST (2015). ‘Minority stress and mechanisms of risk for depression and suicidal ideation among lesbian, gay, and bisexual youth’. Developmental Psychology, 51(5), 688-696. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1037/a0038994

Bachmann C L and Gooch B (2018). ‘LGBT in Britain: health report’. Stonewall/YouGov. Available at: https://www.stonewall.org.uk/system/files/lgbt_in_britain_health.pdf

Bartlett A, Smith G and King M (2009). ‘The response of mental health professionals to clients seeking help to change or redirect same-sex sexual orientation’. BMC psychiatry, 9(1), 11. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-244X-9-11

Beckstead A L (2002). ‘Cures versus choices: Agendas in sexual reorientation therapy.’ Journal of Gay and Lesbian Psychotherapy 5(3-4), 87-115. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1300/J236v05n03_07

Beckstead A L, and Morrow S L (2004). ‘Mormon clients’ experiences of conversion therapy: The need for a new treatment approach’. The Counseling Psychologist, 32(5), 651-690. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1177/0011000004267555

Blosnich JR, Henderson ER, Coulter R W, Goldbach JT and Meyer IH (2020). ‘Sexual orientation change efforts, adverse childhood experiences, and suicide ideation and attempt among sexual minority adults, United States, 2016–2018’. American Journal of Public Health, 110(7), 1024-1030. Available at: https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2020.305637

Borowich A E (2008). ‘Failed reparative therapy of Orthodox Jewish homosexuals. Journal of Gay and Lesbian Mental Health’, 12(3), 167-177. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/19359700802111072

Bradshaw K, Dehlin J P, Crowell K A, Galliher R V, and Bradshaw, W S (2015). ‘Sexual orientation change efforts through psychotherapy for LGBQ individuals affiliated with the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints’. Journal of Sex and Marital Therapy, 41(4), 391-412. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/0092623X.2014.915907

Brand P (2018). ‘ITV News undercover: The Christian charity that claims you can change your sexuality’. ITV News.

British Psychological Society (2019). ‘Guidelines for psychologists working with gender, sexuality and relationship diversity’. British Psychological Society: Leicester.

Civil Service (2014) ‘Rapid Evidence Assessment Toolkit Index’. Available at: https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20140402163101/http://www.civilservice.gov.uk/networks/gsr/resources-and-guidance/rapid-evidence-assessment/how-to-do-a-rae

Dehlin J P, Galliher R V, Bradshaw, W S, Hyde, D C, and Crowell, K A (2015). ‘Sexual orientation change efforts among current or former LDS church members’. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 62(2), 95. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1037/cou0000011

Drescher J (1998). ‘I’m your handyman: A history of reparative therapies. Journal of Homosexuality, 36(1), 19-42.

Drescher J, Schwartz A, Casoy F, McIntosh C A, Hurley B, Ashley K, Barber M, Goldenberg D, Herbert S E, Lothwell L E and Mattson M R (2016). ‘The growing regulation of conversion therapy’. Journal of Medical Regulation, 102(2), pp.7-12. Available at: https://doi.org/10.30770/2572-1852-102.2.7

Drescher J (2002). ‘Ethical concerns raised when patients seek to change same-sex attractions’. Journal of Gay and Lesbian Psychotherapy, 5(3-4), 181-204. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1300/J236v05n03_11

Drescher J, Schwartz A, Casoy F, McIntosh C A, Hurley B, Ashley K and others (2016). ‘The growing regulation of conversion therapy. Journal of Medical Regulation’, 102(2), 7-12. Available at: https://doi.org/10.30770/2572-1852-102.2.7

Drescher J and Zucker K J (Eds.). (2006). ‘Ex-gay research: Analyzing the Spitzer study and its relation to science, religion, politics, and culture’. New York, NY: Routledge.

Dubrowski P R (2015). ‘The Ferguson vs Jonah verdict and a path towards national cessation of gay-to-straight conversion therapy’. Northwestern University Law Review, 110, 77.

El Pais (2019, 18 Sep). ‘20.000 euros de multa a una mujer por ofrecer treapias contra la homosexualidad en Internet’ (20,000 euros fine for a woman for offering therapies against homosexuality on the Internet). Available at: https://elpais.com/ccaa/2019/09/17/madrid/1568728826_727993.html

Fjelstrom J (2013). ‘Sexual orientation change efforts and the search for authenticity’. Journal of Homosexuality, 60(6), 801-827. Available at https://doi.org/10.1080/00918369.2013.774830

Flentje A, Heck N C and Cochran B N (2013). ‘Sexual reorientation therapy interventions: Perspectives of ex-ex-gay individuals’. Journal of Gay and Lesbian Mental Health, 17(3), 256-277. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/19359705.2013.773268

Flentje A, Heck N C and Cochran B N (2014). ‘Experiences of ex-ex-gay individuals in sexual reorientation therapy: Reasons for seeking treatment, perceived helpfulness and harmfulness of treatment, and post-treatment identification’. Journal of Homosexuality, 61(9), 1242-1268. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/00918369.2014.926763

Government Equalities Office (2018). ‘National LGBT Survey: Research report’. Available at: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_d ata/file/722314/GEO-LGBT-Survey-Report.pdf

Greenesmith H (2020, 17 June). ‘Gender critical support board promotes therapists who reject transgender identities’. Teen Vogue. Available at: https://www.teenvogue.com/story/gender-critical-support-board-trans-youth

ILGA World (2020). ‘Curbing deception: A world survey on legal regulation of so-called “conversion therapies”’. Geneva: ILGA World.

Johnston L B, and Jenkins D (2006). ‘Lesbians and gay men embrace their sexual orientation after conversion therapy and ex-gay ministries: A qualitative study’. Social Work in Mental Health, 4(3), 61-82. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1300/J200v04n03_04

Jones S L and Yarhouse M A (2007). ‘Ex-gay? A longitudinal study of religiously mediated change in sexual orientation’. Downer’s Grove, IL: Intervarsity Press.

Karten E Y and Wade J C (2010). ‘Sexual orientation change efforts in men: A client perspective’. The Journal of Men’s Studies, 18(1), 84-102. Available at: https://doi.org/10.3149/jms.1801.84

King M and Bartlett A (1999). ‘British psychiatry and homosexuality’. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 175(2), 106-113. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.175.2.106

King M, Semlyen J, Killaspy H, Nazareth I and Osborn D (2007). ‘A systematic review of research on counselling and psychotherapy for lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender people’. Lutterworth: British Association for Counselling and Psychotherapy.

Maccio E M (2010). ‘Influence of family, religion, and social conformity on client participation in sexual reorientation therapy’. Journal of homosexuality, 57(3), 441-458. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/00918360903543196

Madrigal-Borloz V (2020). ‘Practices of so-called “conversion therapy”: Report of the Independent Expert on protection against violence and discrimination based on sexual orientation and gender identity’. United Nations General Assembly. Available at: https://undocs.org/A/HRC/44/53

Maccio E M (2011). ‘Self-reported sexual orientation and identity before and after sexual reorientation therapy’. Journal of Gay and Lesbian Mental Health, 15(3), 242-259. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/19359705.2010.544186

McNeil J, Ellis S J and Eccles F J (2017). ‘Suicide in trans populations: A systematic review of prevalence and correlates’. Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity, 4(3), 341-353. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1037/sgd0000235

Meanley S, Haberlen S A, Okafor C N, Brown A, Brennan-Ing M, Ware D, Egan J E, Teplin L A, Bolan R K, Friedman M R and Plankey M W (2020). ‘Lifetime exposure to conversion therapy and psychosocial health among midlife and older adult men who have sex with men’. The Gerontologist. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/gnaa069

Meyer I H (1995). ‘Minority stress and mental health in gay men. Journal of Health and Social Behavior’, 36(1) 38-56. Available at: https://doi.org/10.2307/2137286

Meyer I H (2003). ‘Prejudice, social stress, and mental health in lesbian, gay, and bisexual populations: conceptual issues and research evidence’. Psychological Bulletin, 129(5), 674 to 697. Available at: https://doi.apa.org/doiLanding?doi=10.1037%2F0033-2909.129.5.674

Meyer I H, Frost D M and Nezhad S (2014). ‘Minority stress and suicide in lesbians, gay men, and bisexuals’. In P Goldblum, D L Espelage, J Chu and B Bongar (Eds.), Youth Suicide and Bullying (pp. 177–187). Oxford University Press.

Mikulak M (2020). ‘Telling a poor man he can become rich: Reparative therapy in contemporary Poland’. Sexualities, 23(1-2), 44-63. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1177/1363460718797543

Moberly E R (1983). ’Homosexuality: A new Christian ethic’. James Clarke and Co.

Nicolosi J (1991). ‘Reparative Therapy of Male Homosexuality: A New Clinical Approach’. Maryland: Rowman and Littlefield.

Nicolosi J (2001). A developmental model for effective treatment of male homosexuality: Implications for pastoral counseling’. American Journal of Pastoral Counseling, 3(3-4), 87-99. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1300/J062v03n03_07

Nicolosi J, Byrd A D and Potts R W (2000a). ‘Beliefs and practices of therapists who practice sexual reorientation psychotherapy’. Psychological Reports, 86(2), 689-702. Available at: https://doi.org/10.2466/pr0.2000.86.2.689

Nicolosi J, Byrd A D and Potts R W (2000b). Retrospective self-reports of changes in homosexual orientation: A consumer survey of conversion therapy clients. Psychological Reports, 86(3), 1071-1088. Available at: https://doi.org/10.2466/pr0.2000.86.3c.1071

Outright Action International (2019) ‘Harmful Treatment: The Global Reach of so-called Conversion Therapy’. Available at: https://outrightinternational.org/sites/default/files/ConversionFINAL_1.pdf

Ozanne Foundation (2019). ‘Faith and sexuality survey 2018’. Available at: https://ozanne.foundation/faith-sexuality-survey-2018/

Pluye P, Robert E, Cargo M, Bartlett G, O’Cathain A, Griffiths F, Boardman F, Gagnon M P and Rousseau M C (2011). ‘Proposal: a mixed methods appraisal tool for systematic mixed studies reviews’. Available at: http://mixedmethodsappraisaltoolpublic.pbworks.com/w/file/fetch/84371689/MMAT%202011%20criteria%20and %20tutorial%202011-06-29updated2014.08.21.pdf

Richards C and Barker M (2013). ‘Sexuality and gender for mental health professionals: a practical guide’. Sage.

Ritchie J and Spencer L (1994). ‘Qualitative data analysis for applied policy research’. In A. Bryman and R. G. Burgess (Eds.), Analysing Qualitative Data. (pp. 172-94). London: Routledge.

Robinson C M and Spivey S E (2019). ‘Ungodly genders: Deconstructing ex-gay movement discourses of “Transgenderism” in the US. Social Sciences’, 8(6), 191. Available at: https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci8060191

Ryan C, Toomey R B, Diaz R M and Russell S T (2018). ‘Parent-initiated sexual orientation change efforts with LGBT adolescents: Implications for young adult mental health and adjustment’. Journal of Homosexuality, 67(2), 159-173. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/00918369.2018.1538407

Salway T, Ferlatte O, Gesink D and Lachowsky N J (2020). ‘Prevalence of exposure to sexual orientation change efforts and associated sociodemographic characteristics and psychosocial health outcomes among Canadian sexual minority men’. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 65(7), 502-509. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1177/0706743720902629

Santero P L, Whitehead N E, and Ballesteros D (2018). ‘Effects of therapy on religious men who have unwanted same-sex attraction’. The Linacre Quarterly. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1177/0024363918788559 (Retraction published 2020, The Linacre Quarterly, 87(1) 108. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1177/0024363919854842

Schroeder M and Shidlo A (2002). ‘Ethical issues in sexual orientation conversion therapies: An empirical study of consumers’. Journal of Gay and Lesbian Psychotherapy, 5(3-4), 131-166. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1300/J236v05n03_09

Serovich J M, Craft S M, Toviessi P, Gangamma R, McDowell T and Grafsky E L (2008). ‘A systematic review of the research base on sexual reorientation therapies’. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 34(2), 227-238. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-0606.2008.00065.x

Shidlo A, and Schroeder M (2002). ‘Changing sexual orientation: A consumers’ report’. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 33(3), 249. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1037/0735-7028.33.3.249

Spitzer R L (2003). ‘Can some gay men and lesbians change their sexual orientation? 200 participants reporting a change from homosexual to heterosexual orientation’. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 32(5), 403-417. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1025647527010

Spitzer R L (2012). Spitzer reassesses his 2003 study of reparative therapy of homosexuality. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 41(4), 757-757. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-012-9966-y

Strudwick P (2011). ‘Conversion therapy: she tried to make me ‘pray the gay away’. The Guardian. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/may/27/gay-conversion-therapy-patrick-strudwick

Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. (2015). ‘Ending conversion therapy: Supporting and affirming LGBTQ youth’ (HHS Publication No. (SMA) 15-4928).

Suen Y T and Chan R C H (2020). ‘A nationwide cross-sectional study of 15,611 lesbian, gay and bisexual people in China: disclosure of sexual orientation and experiences of negative treatment in health care’. International Journal for Equity in Health, 19 (46), 1-12. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12939-020-1151-7

Throckmorton W (2019, July 17) ‘Who invented the therapy in those Joseph Nicolosi books banned by Amazon?’ Available at: https://www.wthrockmorton.com/2019/07/17/who-invented-the-therapy-in-those-joseph-nicolosi-books-banned-by-amazon/

Throckmorton W and Welton G (2005). ‘Counseling practices as they relate to ratings of helpfulness by consumers of sexual reorientation therapy’. Journal of Psychology and Christianity, 24(4), 332.

Tozer E E, and Hayes J A (2004). ‘Why do individuals seek conversion therapy? The role of religiosity, internalized homonegativity, and identity development’. The Counseling Psychologist, 32(5), 716-740. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1177/0011000004267563

Turban J L, Beckwith N, Reisner S L, and Keuroghlian, A S (2019). ‘Psychological attempts to change a person’s gender identity from transgender to cisgender: Estimated prevalence across US States, 2015’. American Journal of Public Health, 109(10), 1452-1454. Available at: https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2019.305237

Turban J L, Beckwith N, Reisner S L, and Keuroghlian, A S (2020). ‘Association between recalled exposure to gender identity conversion efforts and psychological distress and suicide attempts among transgender adults’. Jama Psychiatry, 77(1), 68-76. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2019.2285

United Nations Independent Expert on protection against violence and discrimination based on Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity, (2020). ‘Report on conversion therapy’. United Nations Human Rights Council. Available at: https://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Issues/SexualOrientation/ConversionTherapyReport.pdf

Van Zyl J, Nel K, and Govender S. (2017). ‘Reparative sexual orientation therapy effects on gay sexual identities. Journal of Psychology in Africa’, 27(2), 191-197. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/14330237.2017.1303126

Van Zyl J, Nel K, and Govender S. (2018). ‘Gender identity issues in pastoral reparative therapy in the Nederduitse Gereformeerde Kerk (NGK), South Africa’. Gender and Behaviour, 16(1), 10668-10676.

Weiss E M, Morehouse J, Yeager T, and Berry T (2010). ‘A qualitative study of ex-gay and ex-ex-gay experiences’. Journal of Gay and Lesbian Mental Health, 14(4), 291-319. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/19359705.2010.506412

Wolkomir M (2001). ‘Emotion work, commitment, and the authentication of the self: The case of gay and ex-gay Christian support groups’. Journal of Contemporary Ethnography, 30(3), 305-334. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1177/089124101030003002

Wright T, Candy B, and King M (2018). ‘Conversion therapies and access to transition-related healthcare in transgender people: a narrative systematic review’. BMJ Open, 8(12), e022425. Available at: https://doi.org//10.1136/bmjopen-2018-022425

Yardley KM (1976). ‘Training in feminine skills in a male transsexual: a pre-operative procedure’. British Journal of Medical Psychology, 49, 329-339. Available at: https://doi.org//10.1111/j.2044-8341.1976.tb02385