Flow charts: text alternative
Published 12 August 2021
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Main report
Figure 4: Summary of the modelling methodologies which were used to assess the wider impacts of COVID-19 on older adults in terms of strength and balance activity, the rate of falls and associated costs
Data is taken from 4 sources: Falls ROI Tool, ALS, POPPI and Cochrane.
ALS, POPPI and Cochrane are used to calculate rate of fallers by activity group.
ALS and rate of fallers by activity group are combined to calculate number of fallers by activity group.
Number of fallers by activity group and Cochrane are used to calculate average falls per faller by activity group.
Average falls per faller by activity group and number of fallers by activity group are combined to calculate number of falls by activity group.
Number of falls by activity group and Falls ROI Tool are combined to calculate fall destinations by activity group. Fall destinations by activity group and Falls ROI Tool are combined to calculate costs by activity group.
The number of fallers by activity group, number of falls by activity group, fall destinations by activity group and costs by activity group form the Wider Impacts of COVID-19 on Older Adults report.
Figure 5: Summary of the care pathways in terms of the percentage of individuals who experience a serious fall, require each service and their respective service location following a fall event taken from the PHE Falls Prevention ROI Tool
1. Initial fall event:
- 80% lead to a non-serious fall (no further treatment)
- 20% lead to a serious fall (go to 2)
2. Serious fall:
- 61% result in an ambulance call out
- 51% result in a GP visit
- 80% result in A&E attendance (go to 3)
3. A&E attendance:
- 65% lead to a return to usual residence
- 35% lead to an inpatient stay (go to 4)
4. Inpatient stay:
- 88.34% lead to a return to usual residence
- 5.69% lead to a long-stay geriatric ward
- 1.46% lead to an NHS care home
- 0.56% lead to a local authority care home
- 1.56% lead to a non-NHS care home
- 2.39% of inpatient stays lead to death
Technical appendix
Figure 2: Selection of studies for meta-regression
1. Of the 108 papers identified within the Cochrane review by Sherrington and others:
- 10 were excluded due to missing, unclear or incomparable data
- 31 were excluded for not reporting impact on rate of fallers or falls
- 67 papers were carried over in meta-regressions
2. Of the 67 papers in meta-regressions:
- 53 papers reported the impact on the rate of fallers
- 54 papers reported the impact on the rate of falls