Formic acid: general information
Updated 28 November 2024
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This publication is available at https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/formic-acid-properties-and-incident-management/formic-acid-general-information
Overview
Formic acid is a clear, colourless liquid with a pungent odour.
Uses of formic acid
Formic acid is mainly used as a preservative and antibacterial agent in livestock feed. It is sprayed on animal feed or fresh hay to reduce the rate of decay and is used as a pesticide to treat and control mites that infest honey bee hives. It is also used to manufacture other chemicals, in wart removal treatments and may be found in household descalers.
How formic acid gets into the environment
Formic acid can enter the environment during its production and use in industry. It may leach into water and soil where it biodegrades and vapours in the air will be degraded by sunlight. As a result, there are very low levels of formic acid in the environment.
Exposure to formic acid
The general population may be exposed to low levels of formic acid in consumer products such as wart removers and descaling products. Exposure from the correct use of these products would not be expected to cause adverse health effects.
The stings of some ants and stinging nettles may contain a small amount of formic acid, which may be a source of low-level exposure.
Exposure to formic acid may occur in workplaces in which it is used or manufactured. Safe limits are enforced to protect the employees. Such levels are below those that are thought to cause harmful effects.
How exposure to formic acid could affect your health
The presence of formic acid in the environment does not always lead to exposure. In order for it to cause any adverse health effects, you must come into contact with it. You may be exposed to formic acid by breathing or ingesting it, or by skin contact with it. Following exposure to any chemical, the adverse health effects by which you may encounter depend on several factors, including the amount to which you are exposed (dose), the way you are exposed, the duration of exposure, the form of the chemical and if you were exposed to any other chemicals.
Low level exposure from the correct use of consumer products that contain formic acid would not be expected to cause adverse health effects.
Strong solutions of formic acid are corrosive and can cause burns to any part of the body it comes into contact with. Ingestion of formic acid can result in burns to the mouth, throat and stomach, drooling, difficulty swallowing, and vomiting (there may be blood in the vomit). Breathing in formic acid can cause irritation of eyes and nose, sore throat, cough, chest tightness, headache and confusion. In severe cases it can cause breathlessness and wheezing.
Skin contact with formic acid can cause pain, burns and ulcers. Contact with the eyes causes pain, twitching of the eyelids, watering eyes, inflammation, sensitivity to light and burns.
Formic acid and cancer
Formic acid is not thought to be a cancer-causing chemical.
Vulnerable groups
Individuals with breathing problems such as asthmatics may be more sensitive to the effects of inhaling formic acid. This is because it can cause irritation of the airways leading to chest tightness, wheezing and breathlessness.
Pregnancy and the unborn child
There is limited information about the exposure of formic acid during pregnancy. The irritant/corrosive effects tend to occur at the point of contact, for example: irritation to the skin or eyes. The absorption of acids into the body is generally low and therefore they do not cause effects in other parts of the body. Therefore, formic acid is unlikely to have a direct on the unborn child. However, if the exposure formic acid causes the mother to become unwell this may affect the health of the unborn child.
Children
If children breathe, ingest or touch formic acid they will have similar effects to those seen in adults. Formic acid containing products in the home should be stored in an appropriate container and kept out of the reach of children.
What to do if you are exposed to formic acid
Low level exposure from the correct use of household products that contain formic acid would not be expected to cause any adverse health effects.
Advice on stings and bites can be found at the following link: NHS Choices - Insect bites and stings https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/insect-bites-and-stings/
Please see below for advice for all other exposures to formic acid:
You should remove yourself from the source of exposure.
If you have got formic acid on your skin, remove soiled clothing (not over the head), wash the affected area with lukewarm water and soap for at least 10 to 15 minutes and seek medical advice.
If you have got formic acid in your eyes, remove contact lenses, irrigate the affected eye with lukewarm water for at least 10 to 15 minutes and seek medical advice.
If you have inhaled or ingested formic acid, seek medical advice.
Additional sources of information
NHS Choices - Acid and chemical burns
Email chemcompendium@ukhsa.gov.uk if you have any questions about this guidance or enquiries@ukhsa.gov.uk if you have any other questions.
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