Guidance

Glutaric aciduria type 1 (GA1): summary

Updated 18 November 2021

Applies to England

Public Health England (PHE) created this information on behalf of the NHS. In it, the word ‘we’ refers to the NHS service that provides screening.

---

This information is for parents if their baby is suspected of having GA1 or has been diagnosed with GA1 following their newborn blood spot screening test (‘heel prick test’). It will help you and your healthcare professionals to talk through the next stages of your baby’s care.

About GA1

Glutaric aciduria type 1 (pronounced glue-ta-ric acid-ur-ee-a), or GA1, is a rare but treatable inherited metabolic disorder that prevents the normal breakdown of protein. Babies with GA1 inherit 2 faulty copies of the gene for GA1, one from each parent.

Untreated GA1 can cause long-term health problems, including brain damage and physical disabilities, but with newborn screening and early treatment this can be prevented.

Screening and diagnosis of GA1

Newborn blood spot (‘heel prick test’)

When your baby was about 5 days old, your midwife took some blood from your baby’s heel for their newborn blood spot screening test (the ‘heel prick test’). The newborn blood spot screening test measures the amount of a substance called acylcarnitine (C5-DC) in the blood. A high level of acylcarnitine (C5-DC) suggests your baby may have GA1. This is called a screen positive result.

Diagnostic tests

If your baby has a screen positive result, you will be seen by a metabolic doctor, dietitian and nurse specialist (the ‘metabolic team’). The team will provide advice and support. Blood and urine tests will be carried out to confirm if your baby has GA1.

You will need to wait a few days for the test results to be reported. During this time, you can continue to breastfeed or give normal infant formula. You should feed your baby every 3 to 4 hours, day and night, or more often if demanded. If your baby becomes unwell, you should take them to hospital for further assessment.

Treatment

If your baby does have GA1, the metabolic team will explain the condition in more detail and answer any questions you might have. They will start your baby on medical treatment and a special diet, and they will arrange regular follow-up appointments. Following the diet and treatment instructions is very important for your baby’s health.

What to do if your baby gets ill

If your baby becomes ill, they might have an episode known as a metabolic crisis (also known as metabolic decompensation). A metabolic crisis can lead to serious illness and long-term brain damage, and can be life threatening.

To help prevent this from happening, you will be taught to give an emergency regimen, which involves specialist feeds and frequent feeding. If your baby becomes very unwell, they might need to be admitted to hospital.

A high temperature must be treated quickly.

The metabolic team will teach you how to look after your child during illness.

Confidentiality

The NHS screening programmes use personal information from your NHS records to invite you for screening at the right time. Public Health England also uses your information to ensure you receive high quality care and to improve the screening programmes. Find out more about how your information is used and protected, and your options.

More information and support

The metabolic team will be happy to discuss any queries you might have.

For more information, see Glutaric aciduria type 1 (GA1): further information.

Further information can be found at Metabolic Support UK. The Metabolic Support UK team can be contacted at:

• 0845 241 2173 or 0800 652 3181
• contact@metabolicsupportuk.org

The British Inherited Metabolic Diseases Group (BIMDG) website has the emergency regimen guidelines and a TEMPLE booklet about GA1.

NHS.UK has information about GA1 and newborn blood spot screening.