Notice

Memorandum of Understanding between The Office of Qualifications and Examinations Regulation and The Standards and Testing Agency

Published 19 March 2025

Applies to England

Purpose 

This Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) is intended to support effective working arrangements between the Office of Qualifications and Examinations Regulation and the Standards and Testing Agency, an executive agency within the Department for Education.  

In this MoU, the Office of Qualifications and Examinations Regulation is referred to as Ofqual, the Standards and Testing Agency is referred to as STA and, collectively, as ‘we’, with the expressions ‘our’ and ‘us’ being used accordingly. The Department for Education is referred to as the DfE. 

This MoU is a statement of the principles that will guide relations between Ofqual and STA to ensure appropriate arrangements are in place to support the effective regulation of National Assessments. The MoU ensures an appropriate regulatory relationship exists between STA and Ofqual avoiding duplication of effort, misunderstanding or unnecessary impact on third parties. 

Although not legally binding, this MoU will serve as a working document that will be subject to review in the light of operational practice. 

This MoU should be considered in the context of the applicable legislation (the Apprenticeships, Skills, Children and Learning Act 2009  (ASCLA) and subsequent amendments).

Roles of Ofqual and the STA 

Ofqual is a non-ministerial government department. It is independent of government and reports directly to Parliament. Ofqual is the statutory regulator of National Assessment arrangements and regulated qualifications. National Assessments are statutory National Curriculum and Early Years Assessments. Ofqual has 2 key statutory objectives relating to National Assessments: 

• to promote the development and implementation of regulated assessment^{[footnote 1]} arrangements, which give a reliable indication of achievement and indicate a consistent level of attainment (including over time) between comparable assessments; and 

• to promote public confidence in National Assessments 

Ofqual has a range of statutory powers and duties in relation to its National Assessments objectives and functions. Its primary duty in relation to National Assessments is to keep all aspects of National Assessment arrangements under review. Ofqual can require information from STA and other relevant parties. Ofqual is also required to report on its National Assessments functions and must tell the Secretary of State if it appears there is, or is likely to be, a significant failing in National Assessment arrangements. In performing its role, Ofqual must act in a way which is compatible with its objectives and which it considers to be most appropriate for the purpose of meeting its objectives.  

Ofqual must publish a National Assessments regulatory framework and consult (among others) the Secretary of State before publishing or revising that framework. Ofqual’s Regulatory Framework for National Assessments (referred to as the Framework) has statutory status and takes precedence over any memorandum between us. The Framework explains Ofqual’s focus on assessment validity and sets out the key tools Ofqual might use to fulfil its National Assessments functions, for example: 

• observing and monitoring processes relating to the validity of assessments 

• gathering and evaluating information to inform Ofqual’s view of risks to validity 

• scrutiny of aspects of validity, for example, via research or audit 

• engagement with and feedback to responsible bodies^{[footnote 2]} 

• publishing reports 

• providing an expert view on proposed assessment changes 

• notifying the Secretary of State in relation to a significant failing 

STA has primary operational responsibility for National Curriculum Assessments. STA is an executive agency of DfE and is responsible to the Secretary of State for Education for developing, delivering and monitoring National Curriculum Assessments. This includes technical processes, such as test development, standard setting and year-on-year standards maintenance. STA is responsible for ensuring that accurate and reliable results are issued, for dealing with requests for reviews of results, and for handling queries and complaints about National Assessments. STA is responsible for working with other parts of the DfE and with its suppliers, local authorities and schools to secure development and delivery of valid assessments. The Chief Executive of the STA has a specific, fully delegated role for test standards and standard setting and maintenance. The Secretary of State, who is accountable for National Assessment arrangements, must consult with Ofqual before making changes to National Assessment arrangements.  

Ofqual’s responsibilities in relation to National Assessments are undertaken in accordance with the Framework, and both parties recognise that particular ways of working within the bounds of the Framework can be agreed from time to time. Both parties will ensure ongoing compliance with the Framework. 

Both STA and Ofqual recognise the particular nature of our regulatory relationship and the need for Ofqual to maintain its independence when regulating National Assessments.

Other parties 

It is recognised that both of us have wider responsibilities than solely National Assessments. It is also recognised that other teams of DfE may, from time-to-time, fall within Ofqual regulation when they are responsible for aspects of National Assessments not within STA’s responsibilities (for example, the Early Years Foundation Stage Profile assessment).  

STA regularly engages suppliers to carry out a range of activities relating to National Assessment arrangements and retains responsibility for ensuring these activities comply with the Framework. STA will support relevant suppliers to understand and meet regulatory expectations and engage positively with regulation. Where Ofqual is reviewing such activities as part of its regulation of National Assessments arrangements, STA will facilitate access to relevant information from its suppliers.  

Matters of common interest 

While we are separate organisations with distinctive roles and responsibilities, we are both focused on the validity of National Assessments and public confidence in those assessments.  

Ofqual is obliged to ensure that it does not impose unnecessary burden and both parties will pursue a regulatory approach and relationship which minimises unnecessary burdens on either organisation.

Approach to engagement 

Appropriate engagement between STA and Ofqual supports effective regulation. It allows Ofqual to build an accurate understanding of risks to validity and to effectively communicate its areas of regulatory focus and view of risk to STA. It also supports effective and timely notification of risks and issues from STA to Ofqual, regulatory feedback from Ofqual and response to that feedback from STA. 

To support an effective working relationship between us we will aim to:   

• hold monthly meetings between Ofqual staff responsible for National Assessments regulation and STA staff responsible for development and delivery of National Assessments (including digital assessments) and maintain contact between STA and Ofqual teams as appropriate 

• arrange any additional meetings between STA teams and Ofqual teams through the responsible officers 

• hold meetings between Ofqual’s Chief Regulator and STA’s Chief Executive and maintain appropriate contact between respective Heads of CEO/CR Office 

• acknowledge each other’s different remits, responsibilities, accountability structures and enabling legislative frameworks 

• provide each other with advance sight of publications relating to the other’s work on National Assessments 

• notify each other in a timely and appropriate way where there is a likelihood of significant announcements and developments relating to National Assessments which may have an impact on each other’s key areas of work or responsibilities. Where these matters are confidential or sensitive, we will communicate this to one another and respect that confidentiality and sensitivity 

• inform each other in a timely and appropriate manner on policy and other developments, engaging in early dialogue on matters that will or might have an impact on the work of the other. Again, where these matters are confidential, we will communicate this to one another and respect confidentiality

Exchange of information and documentation 

Ofqual has specific statutory powers to require information from STA to support fulfilment of its National Assessments functions. STA will identify appropriate staff (Responsible Officers) who will be the authoritative points of contact for Ofqual in relation to relevant STA activities. In the course of day-to-day regulation, information and documentation that is likely to be shared between Ofqual and Responsible Officers may include, but not be limited to: 

• details of operational readiness and performance 

• notifications of risks and issues and their management 

• variations to processes during the development, reviewing, trialling and standards maintenance of national assessments that could have implications for validity or standards 

• arrangements to support Ofqual’s observations of relevant STA meetings (meeting dates, times and paperwork and so on) 

• data from operational processes (for example data used to monitor the progress of marking, the quality of marking or the moderation of teacher assessment)  

• information about new assessments being designed 

• advance notice and sight of relevant content of ministerial submissions to inform Ofqual’s technical advice 

As part of its regulatory monitoring Ofqual may, as and when appropriate, observe STA meetings including those relating to operational processes underpinning assessment validity such as marking, moderation, test development and standards maintenance, as well as those relating to STA’s management of risks.  

Ofqual may provide STA with a list of meetings it wishes to observe and if there are any changes it will advise STA in a timely fashion. STA will ensure that relevant STA documentation reflects the nature of Ofqual’s role as an observer.

Ofqual has contact with government ministers while discharging its functions and may determine that it is necessary to provide advice direct to minsters or the Secretary of State in discharging those functions. The Secretary of State has a duty to consult Ofqual on specified changes to National Assessment arrangements. Where Ofqual wishes to provide formal advice to ministers in connection with proposed changes to National Assessments arrangements, STA will ensure this advice is transmitted in full. Where STA wishes to represent Ofqual’s views within its own ministerial advice, STA will seek Ofqual’s approval for such representation. STA will aim to provide Ofqual with reasonable advance sight of submissions and reasonable notice of opportunities to provide technical advice, aiming for a minimum of one week’s notice where possible. 

Information shared between Ofqual and STA will be handled in accordance with the requirements of the Freedom of Information Act 2000, the Data Protection Act 2018, the UK General Data Protection Regulation and any other relevant data protection legislation, taking appropriate security measures. Both parties will ensure that adequate and appropriate arrangements are in place to protect the confidentiality and integrity of information provided or shared. 

Where either party receives a request for information which belongs to the other party, we will consult the other party in considering whether such information should be disclosed under information access legislation (including data protection legislation and the Freedom of Information Act 2000). We will also make each other aware of any significant disclosure either of us intends to make to a third party of any information we received from the originating party.

Management of a concern raised by either party 

Both organisations acknowledge that given their distinct roles and responsibilities, it may be the case that on particular matters Ofqual and STA hold different views.  

Should a concern arise between parties, STA and Ofqual teams will attempt to resolve it informally at the operational level in as timely a manner as possible. If this is not possible it may be referred to the Executive Director for General Qualifications in Ofqual and STA’s senior officers to intervene and direct some resolution. 

Disputes that cannot be resolved in this way will be escalated to Ofqual’s Deputy Chief Regulator and STA’s Chief Executive who will then be responsible for seeking a speedy resolution, or for agreeing handling and/or discussing escalation. Should a resolution not be possible, Ofqual’s Chief Regulator will meet the Director General at DfE and both parties will aim to reach a resolution.

Ofqual’s statutory duty to escalate a concern 

Ofqual may exercise its statutory duty under s163 of ASCLA irrespective of whether a concern has been previously escalated by either party if the concern relates to a potential or actual failing in National Assessment arrangements. However, the expectation under this MoU is that Ofqual will communicate any concerns to STA’s Chief Executive and, if necessary, to the Permanent Secretary at DfE prior to notifying the Secretary of State for Education. Ofqual may escalate a likely or actual significant failing to the STA’s Chief Executive and the Permanent Secretary of the DfE at the same time as notifying the Secretary of State. Where concerns or disputes cannot be resolved at this level, Ofqual may escalate these to the Education Select Committee, to which it reports. 

Review of this MoU 

This MoU will be reviewed at least once every 3 years, as agreed by the parties. 

Variation and changes to this MoU 

The MoU may be the subject of variation, including extension. STA and Ofqual may agree at any time to amend this MoU with updates made in the light of experience of its operation in practice.  

Any amendments must be in writing and agreed to by the parties.

Term and termination 

This MoU shall commence on the date of signature by the parties, and shall continue, with any revisions, unless it is terminated in accordance with clause 30. 

This MoU may be terminated by way of mutual agreement or at any time by either party giving at least 3 months’ notice in writing to the other party.

Signed:

For Ofqual

Sir Ian Bauckham, Chief Regulator

Date: 17 March 2025

For STA

Gillian Hillier, Chief Executive

Date: 26 February 2025

1. ‘Regulated assessments’ are known as National Assessments. ↩

2. Responsible bodies, such as the STA, are organisations or individuals with statutory responsibility for developing, implementing or monitoring National Assessment arrangements. ↩