Research and analysis
NOIDs causative agents: week 13 (week ending 31 March 2024)
Updated 20 December 2024
Applies to England and Wales
© Crown copyright 2024
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Laboratories in England have a statutory duty to notify the UK Health Security Agency of the identification of the following causative agents:
- Bacillus anthracis
- Bacillus cereus
- Bordetella pertussis
- Borrelia spp
- Brucella spp
- Burkholderia mallei
- Burkholderia pseudomallei
- Campylobacter spp
- Carbapenemase-producing Gram-negative bacteria
- Chikungunya virus
- Chlamydophila psittaci
- Clostridium botulinum
- Clostridium perfringens
- Clostridium tetani
- Corynebacterium diphtheriae
- Corynebacterium ulcerans
- Coxiella burnetii
- Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus
- Cryptosporidium spp
- Dengue virus
- Ebola virus
- Entamoeba histolytica
- Escherichia coli O 157
- Francisella tularensis
- Giardia lamblia
- Guanarito virus
- Haemophilus influenzae (invasive)
- Hanta virus
- Hepatitis A
- Hepatitis B
- Hepatitis C
- Hepatitis D
- Hepatitis E
- Influenza virus
- Junin virus
- Kyasanur Forest disease virus
- Lassa virus
- Legionella spp
- Leptospira interrogans
- Listeria monocytogenes
- Machupo virus
- Marburg virus
- Measles virus
- Mpox virus
- Mumps virus
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex
- Neisseria meningitidis
- Omsk haemorrhagic fever virus
- Plasmodium falciparum
- Plasmodium Knowlesi
- Plasmodium Malariae
- Plasmodium Ovale
- Plasmodium Vivax
- Polio virus
- Rabies virus
- Rickettsia spp
- Rift Valley fever virus
- Rubella virus
- Sabia virus
- Salmonella spp
- SARS Coronavirus
- Shigella spp
- Streptococcus group A (invasive)
- Streptococcus pneumoniae (invasive)
- Varicella zoster virus
- Variola virus
- Vibrio cholerae
- West Nile virus
- Yellow fever virus
- Yersinia pestis
1. Statutory Notifications of causative agents, grouped by root organism
Totals for the current week compared to the previous five.
| Week notification received | 2024/08 | 2024/09 | 2024/10 | 2024/11 | 2024/12 | 2024/13 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Arboviruses | ||||||
| West Nile virus | - | - | 1 | 1 | 1 | - |
| Bacillus | ||||||
| Bacillus cereus | 10 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 18 | 13 |
| Bordetella | ||||||
| Bordetella pertussis | 94 | 121 | 93 | 132 | 127 | 153 |
| Borrelia | ||||||
| Borrelia burgdorferi | 12 | 13 | 13 | 9 | 13 | 8 |
| Borrelia sp | 1 | 2 | 4 | 2 | 1 | 4 |
| Brucella | ||||||
| Brucella sp | - | 3 | - | - | 1 | - |
| Burkholderia | ||||||
| Burkholderia pseudomallei | - | - | - | - | - | 1 |
| Campylobacter | ||||||
| Campylobacter coli | 18 | 17 | 20 | 26 | 20 | 23 |
| Campylobacter fetus | - | - | - | 1 | - | - |
| Campylobacter hyointestinalis | - | - | 1 | - | - | - |
| Campylobacter jejuni | 226 | 234 | 217 | 266 | 235 | 240 |
| Campylobacter other named | 2 | - | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 |
| Campylobacter sp | 810 | 761 | 789 | 878 | 831 | 714 |
| Campylobacter upsaliensis | - | 1 | - | - | 1 | - |
| Campylobacter ureolyticus (bacteroides corrodens) | - | - | - | - | - | 1 |
| Chikungunya virus | ||||||
| Chikungunya virus | 2 | - | 1 | 1 | 2 | - |
| Clostridium | ||||||
| Clostridium perfringens | 32 | 31 | 35 | 47 | 33 | 33 |
| Coronavirus | ||||||
| Coronavirus | 177 | 234 | 152 | 180 | 152 | 151 |
| Human coronavirus 229e | 3 | - | 6 | 2 | - | 3 |
| Human coronavirus hku1 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | - |
| Human coronavirus oc43 | - | - | - | - | 1 | - |
| SARS coronavirus | - | - | - | 5 | - | - |
| SARS-CoV-2 antibody indeterminate | 134 | 132 | 159 | 191 | 138 | 114 |
| SARS-CoV-2 antibody void | 2 | - | 2 | - | - | - |
| SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus (COVID-19) | 1,783 | 1,310 | 1,217 | 1,472 | 1,296 | 1,510 |
| SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus (COVID-19) indeterminate | 40 | 38 | 31 | 41 | 35 | 296 |
| SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody negative | 11 | 16 | 47 | 56 | 18 | 13 |
| SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody positive | 91 | 160 | 311 | 353 | 136 | 85 |
| SARS-CoV-2 total antibody negative | 51 | 7 | 3,540 | 25 | 15 | 17 |
| SARS-CoV-2 total antibody positive | 122 | 40 | 693 | 114 | 72 | 55 |
| Corynebacterium | ||||||
| Corynebacterium diphtheriae | 4 | 3 | - | 4 | 1 | 1 |
| Coxiella | ||||||
| Coxiella burnetii | - | 1 | - | - | - | - |
| Cryptosporidium | ||||||
| Cryptosporidium hominis | 9 | 15 | 15 | 11 | 11 | 2 |
| Cryptosporidium meleagridis | 1 | - | - | - | - | 1 |
| Cryptosporidium parvum | 8 | 26 | 50 | 39 | 24 | 9 |
| Cryptosporidium sp | 17 | 24 | 33 | 29 | 28 | 66 |
| Entamoeba | ||||||
| Entamoeba histolytica | 2 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 1 |
| Escherichia | ||||||
| Escherichia coli O 157 | 6 | 14 | 6 | 5 | 8 | 3 |
| Flaviviruses | ||||||
| Dengue virus | 11 | 5 | 8 | 7 | 5 | 4 |
| Haemophilus | ||||||
| Haemophilus influenzae | 72 | 80 | 82 | 88 | 74 | 59 |
| Hepatitis viruses | ||||||
| Hepatitis A | 14 | 26 | 21 | 18 | 18 | 10 |
| Hepatitis B | 407 | 354 | 351 | 385 | 346 | 300 |
| Hepatitis C | 282 | 268 | 217 | 252 | 245 | 198 |
| Hepatitis D | 9 | 4 | 11 | 11 | 6 | 3 |
| Hepatitis E | 32 | 42 | 21 | 35 | 19 | 19 |
| Influenza virus | ||||||
| Influenza A | 2,554 | 2,053 | 1,929 | 2,107 | 1,461 | 1,440 |
| Influenza B | 367 | 344 | 401 | 542 | 477 | 396 |
| Influenza indeterminate | 8 | 7 | - | 10 | 3 | 1 |
| Influenza ungrouped | 114 | 51 | 38 | 52 | 43 | 33 |
| Legionella | ||||||
| Legionella pneumophila | 5 | 1 | 3 | 4 | 2 | 13 |
| Legionella sp | 1 | 6 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 1 |
| Leptospira | ||||||
| Leptospira interrogans | - | - | - | - | 1 | - |
| Listeria | ||||||
| Listeria monocytogenes | 2 | 2 | 5 | 6 | 3 | 7 |
| Mycobacterium | ||||||
| Mycobacterium tuberculosis | 75 | 91 | 65 | 70 | 99 | 61 |
| Neisseria | ||||||
| Neisseria meningitidis | 24 | 23 | 21 | 38 | 15 | 19 |
| Orthopoxvirus | ||||||
| Mpox virus | 3 | 1 | 4 | 1 | 3 | 8 |
| Paramyxoviruses | ||||||
| Measles virus | 59 | 57 | 42 | 62 | 54 | 57 |
| Mumps virus | 10 | 12 | 10 | 12 | 5 | 14 |
| Plasmodium | ||||||
| Plasmodium falciparum | 23 | 1 | - | - | 10 | - |
| Plasmodium malariae | - | - | - | - | 1 | - |
| Plasmodium ovale | 3 | - | - | - | 2 | - |
| Plasmodium vivax | 1 | - | - | - | 1 | - |
| Polyomavirus | ||||||
| Polyomavirus BK | 66 | 55 | 38 | 53 | 54 | 44 |
| Polyomavirus JC | 14 | 2 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 12 |
| Polyomavirus untyped | 22 | 6 | 11 | 16 | 5 | 21 |
| Rickettsia | ||||||
| Rickettsia prowazekii | - | - | 1 | - | - | - |
| Rickettsia spotted fever | 1 | - | 1 | - | 1 | - |
| Rubella virus | ||||||
| Rubella virus | 3 | 2 | 3 | 5 | 6 | 4 |
| Salmonella | ||||||
| Other salmonellas | 57 | 62 | 48 | 50 | 32 | 10 |
| Salmonella anatum | 5 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Salmonella chester | 6 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Salmonella enterica | - | 6 | - | - | - | - |
| Salmonella enteritidis | 24 | 39 | 30 | 23 | 14 | - |
| Salmonella java | 6 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Salmonella newport | - | 5 | 7 | 9 | - | - |
| Salmonella sp | 11 | 7 | 15 | 40 | 74 | 113 |
| Salmonella typhi and paratyphi | 15 | 15 | 22 | 23 | 15 | 9 |
| Salmonella typhimurium | 24 | 28 | 20 | 16 | 11 | 7 |
| Shigella | ||||||
| Shigella boydii | 3 | 2 | 3 | 1 | - | 1 |
| Shigella dysenteriae | 2 | - | 1 | - | 1 | - |
| Shigella flexneri | 14 | 16 | 13 | 16 | 15 | 8 |
| Shigella sonnei | 21 | 33 | 20 | 25 | 19 | 18 |
| Shigella sp | 55 | 58 | 48 | 57 | 84 | 57 |
| Streptococcus | ||||||
| Streptococcus group A | 85 | 72 | 79 | 77 | 77 | 65 |
| Streptococcus pneumoniae | 152 | 138 | 133 | 151 | 142 | 121 |
| Vibrio | ||||||
| Vibrio cholerae | - | 2 | 1 | - | 1 | 1 |
2. Carbapenemase-producing Enterobacterales (CPE)
For all Carbapenemase-producing Gram-negative organisms, the reports are de-duplicated by first mention of organism species and resistance mechanism by person in a rolling 52-week period.
Note: the numbers presented here do not include specimens that have been referred to the AMRHAI Reference Unit.
| Week notification received | 2024/08 | 2024/09 | 2024/10 | 2024/11 | 2024/12 | 2024/13 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Citrobacter | |||||||
| Citrobacter spp | IMP | 1 | - | - | - | - | - |
| KPC | 1 | - | 1 | - | 2 | 1 | |
| NDM | - | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | - | |
| OXA48 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | - | |
| Other | - | - | - | - | 1 | - | |
| Enterobacter | |||||||
| Enterobacter cloacae complex | IMP | - | - | 1 | 4 | 2 | 1 |
| KPC | 4 | 6 | 6 | 2 | 6 | 3 | |
| NDM | 8 | 10 | 2 | 5 | 4 | - | |
| OXA48 | 6 | 5 | 4 | 9 | - | 1 | |
| VIM | 1 | - | - | - | - | - | |
| Other | - | 1 | - | 1 | 1 | - | |
| Enterobacter other named | OXA48 | - | - | 1 | - | - | - |
| Other enterobacter spp | IMP | - | - | 1 | - | 1 | - |
| KPC | 1 | - | - | - | - | - | |
| NDM | - | - | - | 1 | 2 | - | |
| OXA48 | 1 | - | - | - | 1 | - | |
| VIM | - | - | - | - | 1 | - | |
| Escherichia | |||||||
| Escherichia coli | KPC | 2 | 1 | 3 | - | 1 | 2 |
| NDM | 7 | 16 | 14 | 14 | 19 | 4 | |
| OXA48 | 23 | 15 | 10 | 19 | 18 | 7 | |
| VIM | 1 | - | - | - | - | - | |
| Other | 1 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 1 | - | |
| Escherichia hermannii | KPC | 1 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Hafnia | |||||||
| Hafnia alvei | Other | - | - | - | - | 1 | - |
| Klebsiella | |||||||
| Klebsiella aerogenes | NDM | - | 1 | - | - | - | - |
| OXA48 | 1 | - | - | - | - | - | |
| Klebsiella oxytoca | KPC | 3 | 4 | 4 | 1 | 6 | 1 |
| NDM | - | - | - | - | - | 1 | |
| OXA48 | 2 | 2 | - | - | - | - | |
| VIM | - | 1 | - | - | - | - | |
| Klebsiella pneumoniae | IMP | - | - | 1 | 2 | - | 1 |
| KPC | 4 | 4 | 6 | 4 | 4 | - | |
| NDM | 8 | 6 | 6 | 9 | 3 | 1 | |
| OXA48 | 16 | 16 | 8 | 9 | 7 | 3 | |
| VIM | 1 | - | - | - | 2 | - | |
| Other | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | - | |
| Klebsiella variicola | KPC | 1 | - | 1 | - | - | - |
| NDM | - | 1 | - | - | - | - | |
| OXA48 | 1 | - | - | - | - | - | |
| Other klebsiella spp | OXA48 | - | 1 | - | - | - | - |
| Leclercia | |||||||
| Leclercia adecarboxylata | KPC | 1 | 1 | - | 1 | - | - |
| Other | 1 | - | - | - | - | - | |
| Other leclercia spp | NDM | - | - | - | - | 1 | - |
| Mixta | |||||||
| Mixta calida | NDM | - | - | - | - | 1 | - |
| Morganella | |||||||
| Morganella morganii | NDM | - | 1 | - | - | - | - |
| Proteus | |||||||
| Proteus mirabilis | IMP | - | - | - | 2 | - | - |
| NDM | 1 | 1 | - | 1 | - | - | |
| OXA48 | - | 2 | - | - | - | - | |
| Other | - | - | - | 1 | - | - | |
| Raoultella | |||||||
| Raoultella spp | KPC | - | - | - | - | - | 1 |
| Serratia | |||||||
| Serratia grimesii/liquefaciens/proteamaculans | NDM | - | - | - | - | 1 | - |
| OXA48 | - | - | - | - | 1 | - | |
| Serratia marcescens/ureilytica | OXA48 | - | 1 | - | - | - | - |
3. Other carbapenemase-producing Gram-negative organisms
For all Carbapenemase-producing Gram-negative organisms, the reports are de-duplicated by first mention of organism species and resistance mechanism by person in a rolling 52-week period.
Note: the numbers presented here do not include specimens that have been referred to the AMRHAI Reference Unit.
| Week notification received | 2024/08 | 2024/09 | 2024/10 | 2024/11 | 2024/12 | 2024/13 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acinetobacter | |||||||
| Acinetobacter baumannii | NDM | 1 | 2 | - | 1 | - | - |
| Acinetobacter calcoaceticus/baumannii complex | NDM | - | - | - | - | - | 1 |
| Pseudomonas | |||||||
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa | NDM | 1 | - | - | - | 1 | - |
| VIM | - | - | - | 1 | - | 1 | |
| Other | - | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | |
| Pseudomonas putida group | VIM | - | - | - | 1 | - | - |
| Other | |||||||
| NDM | 1 | - | - | - | - | - |