Research and analysis
NOIDs causative agents: week 17 (week ending 28 April 2024)
Updated 20 December 2024
Applies to England and Wales
© Crown copyright 2024
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Laboratories in England have a statutory duty to notify the UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA) of the identification of the following causative agents:
- Bacillus anthracis
- Bacillus cereus
- Bordetella pertussis
- Borrelia spp
- Brucella spp
- Burkholderia mallei
- Burkholderia pseudomallei
- Campylobacter spp
- Carbapenemase-producing Gram-negative bacteria
- Chikungunya virus
- Chlamydophila psittaci
- Clostridium botulinum
- Clostridium perfringens
- Clostridium tetani
- Corynebacterium diphtheriae
- Corynebacterium ulcerans
- Coxiella burnetii
- Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus
- Cryptosporidium spp
- Dengue virus
- Ebola virus
- Entamoeba histolytica
- Escherichia coli O 157
- Francisella tularensis
- Giardia lamblia
- Guanarito virus
- Haemophilus influenzae (invasive)
- Hanta virus
- Hepatitis A
- Hepatitis B
- Hepatitis C
- Hepatitis D
- Hepatitis E
- Influenza virus
- Junin virus
- Kyasanur Forest disease virus
- Lassa virus
- Legionella spp
- Leptospira interrogans
- Listeria monocytogenes
- Machupo virus
- Marburg virus
- Measles virus
- Mpox virus
- Mumps virus
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex
- Neisseria meningitidis
- Omsk haemorrhagic fever virus
- Plasmodium falciparum
- Plasmodium Knowlesi
- Plasmodium Malariae
- Plasmodium Ovale
- Plasmodium Vivax
- Polio virus
- Rabies virus
- Rickettsia spp
- Rift Valley fever virus
- Rubella virus
- Sabia virus
- Salmonella spp
- SARS Coronavirus
- Shigella spp
- Streptococcus group A (invasive)
- Streptococcus pneumoniae (invasive)
- Varicella zoster virus
- Variola virus
- Vibrio cholerae
- West Nile virus
- Yellow fever virus
- Yersinia pestis
Statutory notifications of causative agents, grouped by root organism
Totals for the current week compared to the previous 5.
| Week notification received | 2024/12 | 2024/13 | 2024/14 | 2024/15 | 2024/16 | 2024/17 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Arboviruses | ||||||
| West Nile virus | 1 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Bacillus | ||||||
| Bacillus cereus | 18 | 13 | 15 | 16 | 12 | 23 |
| Bordetella | ||||||
| Bordetella pertussis | 135 | 158 | 204 | 199 | 215 | 234 |
| Borrelia | ||||||
| Borrelia burgdorferi | 14 | 9 | 9 | 17 | 8 | 20 |
| Borrelia sp | 2 | 4 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 3 |
| Brucella | ||||||
| Brucella melitensis | 1 | - | - | - | 1 | 1 |
| Brucella sp | - | - | - | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Burkholderia | ||||||
| Burkholderia pseudomallei | - | 1 | - | - | - | - |
| Campylobacter | ||||||
| Campylobacter coli | 21 | 26 | 28 | 35 | 35 | 43 |
| Campylobacter fetus | - | - | - | 2 | - | - |
| Campylobacter gracilis | - | - | - | 2 | - | - |
| Campylobacter jejuni | 262 | 283 | 235 | 255 | 267 | 232 |
| Campylobacter lari | - | - | 2 | 1 | - | - |
| Campylobacter other named | 1 | 3 | 1 | - | 1 | 1 |
| Campylobacter sp | 839 | 703 | 685 | 919 | 976 | 1,015 |
| Campylobacter upsaliensis | 1 | - | - | - | 2 | - |
| Campylobacter ureolyticus (bacteroides corrodens) | 1 | 1 | - | - | - | - |
| Chikungunya virus | ||||||
| Chikungunya virus | 2 | - | 1 | 2 | - | 1 |
| Clostridium | ||||||
| Clostridium perfringens | 35 | 33 | 37 | 50 | 38 | 36 |
| Clostridium tetani | - | - | - | - | 1 | - |
| Coronavirus | ||||||
| Coronavirus | 153 | 153 | 113 | 90 | 77 | 78 |
| Human coronavirus 229e | - | 3 | - | 1 | 2 | 1 |
| Human coronavirus hku1 | 2 | - | - | - | 2 | - |
| Human coronavirus oc43 | 1 | - | - | - | - | - |
| SARS coronavirus | - | - | - | - | - | 1 |
| SARS-CoV-2 antibody indeterminate | 138 | 114 | 111 | 107 | 122 | 95 |
| SARS-CoV-2 antibody void | - | - | - | - | 5 | - |
| SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus (COVID-19) | 1,293 | 1,496 | 1,259 | 1,299 | 1,309 | 1,738 |
| SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus (COVID-19) indeterminate | 35 | 296 | 38 | 42 | 27 | 29 |
| SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody negative | 18 | 13 | 8 | 17 | 12 | 26 |
| SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody positive | 135 | 85 | 63 | 119 | 122 | 150 |
| SARS-CoV-2 total antibody negative | 15 | 17 | 7 | 25 | 12 | 10 |
| SARS-CoV-2 total antibody positive | 74 | 55 | 19 | 73 | 35 | 37 |
| Corynebacterium | ||||||
| Corynebacterium diphtheriae | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 1 |
| Coxiella | ||||||
| Coxiella burnetii | - | - | 2 | - | - | - |
| Cryptosporidium | ||||||
| Cryptosporidium cuniculus | - | - | - | 1 | - | - |
| Cryptosporidium felis | - | - | 1 | - | - | - |
| Cryptosporidium hominis | 15 | 14 | 12 | 23 | 9 | 2 |
| Cryptosporidium meleagridis | 1 | 1 | - | - | - | - |
| Cryptosporidium parvum | 32 | 51 | 60 | 163 | 147 | 72 |
| Cryptosporidium sp | 20 | 20 | 24 | 57 | 102 | 195 |
| Cryptosporidium ubiquitum | - | - | - | - | 1 | - |
| Entamoeba | ||||||
| Entamoeba histolytica | 2 | 1 | - | 1 | - | 1 |
| Escherichia | ||||||
| Escherichia coli O 157 | 8 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 12 | 5 |
| Flaviviruses | ||||||
| Dengue virus | 5 | 4 | 8 | 6 | 6 | 4 |
| Haemophilus | ||||||
| Haemophilus influenzae | 74 | 59 | 57 | 69 | 74 | 71 |
| Hepatitis viruses | ||||||
| Hepatitis A | 18 | 11 | 17 | 11 | 15 | 11 |
| Hepatitis B | 362 | 349 | 257 | 283 | 355 | 340 |
| Hepatitis C | 248 | 215 | 175 | 251 | 235 | 235 |
| Hepatitis D | 6 | 3 | 7 | 5 | 8 | 7 |
| Hepatitis E | 20 | 20 | 28 | 36 | 36 | 28 |
| Influenza virus | ||||||
| Influenza A | 1,504 | 1,461 | 982 | 609 | 364 | 343 |
| Influenza B | 497 | 411 | 417 | 292 | 152 | 216 |
| Influenza indeterminate | 3 | 1 | 3 | 2 | - | 1 |
| Influenza ungrouped | 43 | 34 | 24 | 14 | 8 | 3 |
| Legionella | ||||||
| Legionella pneumophila | 2 | 13 | 7 | 11 | 3 | 3 |
| Legionella sp | 5 | 2 | - | 4 | 3 | 1 |
| Leptospira | ||||||
| Leptospira interrogans | 1 | - | - | 1 | - | - |
| Listeria | ||||||
| Listeria monocytogenes | 5 | 7 | 5 | 4 | 2 | 4 |
| Mycobacterium | ||||||
| Mycobacterium tuberculosis | 109 | 74 | 87 | 95 | 85 | 78 |
| Neisseria | ||||||
| Neisseria meningitidis | 15 | 19 | 18 | 31 | 31 | 28 |
| Orthopoxvirus | ||||||
| Mpox virus | 3 | 8 | 4 | 10 | 4 | 5 |
| Paramyxoviruses | ||||||
| Measles virus | 54 | 57 | 59 | 87 | 75 | 60 |
| Mumps virus | 5 | 14 | 12 | 17 | 4 | 13 |
| Plasmodium | ||||||
| Plasmodium falciparum | 10 | - | 1 | 7 | 1 | - |
| Plasmodium malariae | 1 | - | - | - | 1 | - |
| Plasmodium ovale | 2 | - | - | 1 | - | - |
| Plasmodium vivax | 1 | - | - | 1 | - | - |
| Polyomavirus | ||||||
| Polyomavirus BK | 54 | 44 | 35 | 51 | 58 | 41 |
| Polyomavirus JC | 6 | 12 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4 |
| Polyomavirus untyped | 5 | 21 | 11 | 14 | 12 | 20 |
| Rickettsia | ||||||
| Rickettsia prowazekii | - | - | - | - | 1 | - |
| Rickettsia spotted fever | 1 | - | 1 | - | 1 | - |
| Rubella virus | ||||||
| Rubella virus | 6 | 4 | 5 | 2 | 3 | 2 |
| Salmonella | ||||||
| Other salmonellas | 56 | 56 | 42 | 58 | 45 | 21 |
| Salmonella bareilly | - | - | - | 5 | - | - |
| Salmonella chester | - | - | - | 5 | - | - |
| Salmonella enteritidis | 30 | 17 | 25 | 36 | 25 | 15 |
| Salmonella newport | 7 | 7 | 6 | 5 | - | - |
| Salmonella sp | 14 | 11 | 12 | 34 | 106 | 136 |
| Salmonella stanley | - | - | 6 | - | - | - |
| Salmonella typhi and paratyphi | 16 | 16 | 23 | 13 | 18 | 10 |
| Salmonella typhimurium | 19 | 35 | 25 | 28 | 16 | 13 |
| Salmonella enterica | 5 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Shigella | ||||||
| Shigella boydii | - | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | - |
| Shigella dysenteriae | 1 | 1 | - | - | - | - |
| Shigella flexneri | 22 | 15 | 13 | 17 | 21 | 10 |
| Shigella sonnei | 22 | 16 | 17 | 15 | 16 | 20 |
| Shigella sp | 79 | 48 | 44 | 53 | 57 | 83 |
| Streptococcus | ||||||
| Streptococcus group A | 78 | 71 | 84 | 80 | 77 | 84 |
| Streptococcus pneumoniae | 143 | 126 | 140 | 152 | 127 | 122 |
| Vibrio | ||||||
| Vibrio cholerae | 1 | 1 | - | 2 | - | 1 |
Carbapenemase-producing Enterobacterales (CPE)
For all carbapenemase-producing Gram-negative organisms, the reports are de-duplicated by first mention of organism species and resistance mechanism by person in a rolling 52-week period.
Note: the numbers presented here do not include specimens that have been referred to the AMRHAI Reference Unit.
| Week notification received | 2024/12 | 2024/13 | 2024/14 | 2024/15 | 2024/16 | 2024/17 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Citrobacter | |||||||
| Citrobacter spp | IMP | - | 1 | 1 | 1 | - | - |
| KPC | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | - | |
| NDM | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | - | |
| OXA48 | 2 | 1 | - | 1 | 2 | 1 | |
| VIM | - | - | - | 1 | - | - | |
| Other | 1 | - | - | - | - | - | |
| Cronobacter | |||||||
| Cronobacter sakazakii | KPC | - | - | 1 | - | - | - |
| Enterobacter | |||||||
| Enterobacter cloacae complex | IMP | 2 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 1 |
| KPC | 6 | 4 | 1 | 8 | 1 | 2 | |
| NDM | 4 | 4 | 5 | 9 | 12 | 2 | |
| OXA48 | - | 3 | 3 | 4 | 2 | - | |
| VIM | - | - | - | - | 1 | - | |
| Other | 1 | 1 | - | 3 | 1 | - | |
| Other enterobacter spp | IMP | 1 | - | 3 | 2 | 2 | - |
| NDM | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 5 | - | |
| OXA48 | 1 | - | - | - | 1 | - | |
| VIM | 1 | - | 1 | - | 1 | - | |
| Escherichia | |||||||
| Escherichia coli | IMP | - | - | - | - | 3 | - |
| KPC | 2 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 1 | 1 | |
| NDM | 24 | 23 | 23 | 33 | 16 | 6 | |
| OXA48 | 21 | 23 | 19 | 17 | 17 | 7 | |
| Other | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | - | |
| Escherichia hermannii | VIM | - | - | 1 | - | - | - |
| Hafnia | |||||||
| Hafnia alvei | Other | 1 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Klebsiella | |||||||
| Klebsiella oxytoca | KPC | 7 | 1 | 7 | - | 3 | 2 |
| NDM | - | 1 | - | - | - | 1 | |
| OXA48 | - | - | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | |
| Klebsiella pneumoniae | IMP | - | 2 | 2 | - | 2 | - |
| KPC | 5 | 6 | 10 | 13 | 10 | 1 | |
| NDM | 8 | 9 | 11 | 10 | 6 | 2 | |
| OXA48 | 10 | 14 | 12 | 9 | 14 | 2 | |
| VIM | 2 | - | - | 2 | 1 | - | |
| Other | 1 | - | - | 2 | 1 | - | |
| Other klebsiella spp | KPC | - | - | 1 | - | - | - |
| NDM | - | 1 | 1 | 1 | - | - | |
| OXA48 | - | 1 | 1 | 1 | - | - | |
| VIM | - | - | 1 | - | - | - | |
| Leclercia | |||||||
| Leclercia spp | NDM | 1 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Mixta | |||||||
| Mixta calida | NDM | 1 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Morganella | |||||||
| Morganella morganii | OXA48 | - | - | - | - | 1 | - |
| Proteus | |||||||
| Proteus mirabilis | OXA48 | - | - | - | - | 1 | - |
| Providencia | |||||||
| Providencia stuartii | NDM | - | - | 1 | - | - | - |
| Raoultella | |||||||
| Raoultella ornithinolytica | OXA48 | - | - | - | - | 1 | - |
| Other raoultella spp | KPC | - | 1 | - | - | - | - |
| Serratia | |||||||
| Serratia grimesii/liquefaciens/proteamaculans | NDM | 1 | - | - | - | - | - |
| OXA48 | 1 | - | - | - | - | - | |
| Serratia marcescens/ureilytica | KPC | - | - | 1 | - | - | - |
| NDM | - | - | 1 | - | - | - | |
| OXA48 | - | - | 1 | - | - | - |
Other carbapenemase-producing Gram-negative organisms
| Week notification received | 2024/12 | 2024/13 | 2024/14 | 2024/15 | 2024/16 | 2024/17 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acinetobacter | |||||||
| Acinetobacter baumannii | NDM | - | - | - | - | 1 | - |
| Other | - | - | - | - | 1 | - | |
| Acinetobacter calcoaceticus/baumannii complex | NDM | - | 1 | - | - | - | - |
| Other acinetobacter spp | NDM | - | - | - | - | 1 | - |
| Pseudomonas | |||||||
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa | IMP | - | - | - | - | - | 1 |
| NDM | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | - | - | |
| VIM | - | 1 | - | 2 | - | 1 | |
| Other | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 2 | - | |
| Other | |||||||
| NDM | - | - | 1 | - | - | 1 | |
| OXA48 | - | - | - | 1 | - | - | |
| Other | - | - | - | 1 | - | - |
For all carbapenemase-producing Gram-negative organisms, the reports are de-duplicated by first mention of organism species and resistance mechanism by person in a rolling 52-week period.
Note: the numbers presented here do not include specimens that have been referred to the AMRHAI Reference Unit.