Research and analysis
NOIDs causative agents: week 25 (week ending 23 June 2024)
Updated 30 December 2024
Applies to England and Wales
© Crown copyright 2024
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Laboratories in England have a statutory duty to notify the UK Health Security Agency of the identification of the following causative agents:
- Bacillus anthracis
- Bacillus cereus
- Bordetella pertussis
- Borrelia spp
- Brucella spp
- Burkholderia mallei
- Burkholderia pseudomallei
- Campylobacter spp
- Carbapenemase-producing Gram-negative bacteria
- Chikungunya virus
- Chlamydophila psittaci
- Clostridium botulinum
- Clostridium perfringens
- Clostridium tetani
- Corynebacterium diphtheriae
- Corynebacterium ulcerans
- Coxiella burnetii
- Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus
- Cryptosporidium spp
- Dengue virus
- Ebola virus
- Entamoeba histolytica
- Escherichia coli O 157
- Francisella tularensis
- Giardia lamblia
- Guanarito virus
- Haemophilus influenzae (invasive)
- Hanta virus
- Hepatitis A
- Hepatitis B
- Hepatitis C
- Hepatitis D
- Hepatitis E
- Influenza virus
- Junin virus
- Kyasanur Forest disease virus
- Lassa virus
- Legionella spp
- Leptospira interrogans
- Listeria monocytogenes
- Machupo virus
- Marburg virus
- Measles virus
- Mpox virus
- Mumps virus
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex
- Neisseria meningitidis
- Omsk haemorrhagic fever virus
- Plasmodium falciparum
- Plasmodium Knowlesi
- Plasmodium Malariae
- Plasmodium Ovale
- Plasmodium Vivax
- Polio virus
- Rabies virus
- Rickettsia spp
- Rift Valley fever virus
- Rubella virus
- Sabia virus
- Salmonella spp
- SARS Coronavirus
- Shigella spp
- Streptococcus group A (invasive)
- Streptococcus pneumoniae (invasive)
- Varicella zoster virus
- Variola virus
- Vibrio cholerae
- West Nile virus
- Yellow fever virus
- Yersinia pestis
Statutory notifications of causative agents, grouped by root organism
Totals for the current week compared to the previous 5.
| Week notification received | 2024/20 | 2024/21 | 2024/22 | 2024/23 | 2024/24 | 2024/25 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Arboviruses | ||||||
| West Nile Virus | - | 1 | - | - | - | - |
| Bacillus | ||||||
| Bacillus cereus | 25 | 20 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 12 |
| Bordetella | ||||||
| Bordetella pertussis | 174 | 158 | 229 | 385 | 493 | 342 |
| Borrelia | ||||||
| Borrelia burgdorferi | 10 | 13 | 44 | 26 | 23 | 45 |
| Borrelia sp | 2 | 1 | 13 | 1 | 7 | 1 |
| Brucella | ||||||
| Brucella melitensis | - | - | - | - | 1 | - |
| Brucella sp | 1 | 4 | - | 6 | - | 3 |
| Campylobacter | ||||||
| Campylobacter coli | 46 | 43 | 46 | 55 | 33 | 45 |
| Campylobacter concisus | - | 1 | - | - | - | - |
| Campylobacter fetus | - | 1 | - | - | - | - |
| Campylobacter jejuni | 392 | 395 | 465 | 424 | 354 | 314 |
| Campylobacter lari | 1 | 3 | - | 3 | 3 | 1 |
| Campylobacter other named | 4 | 2 | 2 | - | - | - |
| Campylobacter rectus | 1 | - | - | - | 1 | - |
| Campylobacter sp | 1,428 | 1,343 | 1,261 | 1,723 | 1,450 | 1,502 |
| Campylobacter upsaliensis | - | 1 | - | - | 1 | - |
| Campylobacter ureolyticus (bacteroides corrodens) | - | - | 4 | - | - | - |
| Chikungunya virus | ||||||
| Chikungunya virus | 3 | 1 | - | 1 | - | - |
| Clostridium | ||||||
| Clostridium perfringens | 29 | 33 | 39 | 37 | 39 | 36 |
| Coronavirus | ||||||
| Coronavirus | 80 | 75 | 43 | 50 | 60 | 58 |
| Human coronavirus 229e | - | 2 | - | - | - | - |
| Human coronavirus hku1 | 1 | - | - | - | - | - |
| SARS coronavirus | 1 | - | - | - | - | - |
| SARS-CoV-2 antibody indeterminate | 90 | 98 | 97 | 106 | 93 | 139 |
| SARS-CoV-2 antibody void | - | - | 2 | - | 6 | - |
| SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus (COVID-19) | 2,070 | 1,811 | 1,710 | 2,219 | 2,277 | 3,103 |
| SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus (COVID-19) indeterminate | 44 | 59 | 51 | 71 | 52 | 56 |
| SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody negative | 17 | 14 | 16 | 21 | 58 | 21 |
| SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody positive | 154 | 144 | 112 | 118 | 371 | 131 |
| SARS-CoV-2 total antibody negative | 11 | 13 | 10 | 10 | 30 | 20 |
| SARS-CoV-2 total antibody positive | 53 | 71 | 40 | 54 | 52 | 56 |
| Corynebacterium | ||||||
| Corynebacterium diphtheriae | 2 | 1 | - | 3 | 3 | - |
| Coxiella | ||||||
| Coxiella burnetii | - | - | - | - | 1 | - |
| Cryptosporidium | ||||||
| Cryptosporidium hominis | 25 | 16 | 15 | 22 | 12 | 3 |
| Cryptosporidium parvum | 112 | 139 | 72 | 57 | 39 | 16 |
| Cryptosporidium sp | 54 | 51 | 25 | 43 | 50 | 77 |
| Cryptosporidium ubiquitum | - | - | - | 1 | - | - |
| Entamoeba | ||||||
| Entamoeba histolytica | 1 | - | 1 | - | - | 2 |
| Escherichia | ||||||
| Escherichia coli O 157 | 21 | 16 | 16 | 15 | 14 | 19 |
| Flaviviruses | ||||||
| Dengue virus | 15 | 4 | 1 | 8 | 1 | 10 |
| Haemophilus | ||||||
| Haemophilus influenzae | 71 | 62 | 69 | 55 | 83 | 58 |
| Hepatitis viruses | ||||||
| Hepatitis A | 29 | 21 | 16 | 24 | 9 | 15 |
| Hepatitis B | 330 | 347 | 310 | 329 | 301 | 277 |
| Hepatitis C | 288 | 314 | 252 | 291 | 269 | 230 |
| Hepatitis D | 6 | 10 | 12 | 9 | 7 | 7 |
| Hepatitis E | 25 | 26 | 28 | 35 | 28 | 28 |
| Influenza virus | ||||||
| Influenza A | 202 | 150 | 119 | 134 | 122 | 144 |
| Influenza B | 155 | 90 | 63 | 83 | 69 | 60 |
| Influenza indeterminate | 1 | - | 1 | 1 | - | 1 |
| Influenza ungrouped | 6 | - | 4 | 3 | 7 | 2 |
| Legionella | ||||||
| Legionella longbeachae | - | 3 | - | 1 | 2 | - |
| Legionella other named | - | 1 | - | - | - | - |
| Legionella pneumophila | 4 | 4 | 9 | 7 | 6 | 6 |
| Legionella sp | 6 | 1 | 3 | 8 | 2 | 6 |
| Leptospira | ||||||
| Leptospira interrogans | 1 | 1 | - | - | - | - |
| Listeria | ||||||
| Listeria monocytogenes | 2 | 3 | 2 | 4 | 7 | 4 |
| Mycobacterium | ||||||
| Mycobacterium tuberculosis | 87 | 89 | 80 | 103 | 100 | 113 |
| Neisseria | ||||||
| Neisseria meningitidis | 32 | 25 | 22 | 19 | 36 | 23 |
| Orthopoxvirus | ||||||
| Mpox virus | 5 | 8 | 6 | 4 | 6 | 8 |
| Paramyxoviruses | ||||||
| Measles virus | 76 | 51 | 78 | 61 | 56 | 39 |
| Mumps virus | 4 | 3 | 7 | 7 | 6 | 5 |
| Plasmodium | ||||||
| Plasmodium falciparum | 5 | - | - | 1 | 6 | 2 |
| Plasmodium ovale | - | - | - | 1 | 5 | - |
| Plasmodium vivax | 2 | 1 | - | - | 6 | - |
| Polyomavirus | ||||||
| Polyomavirus BK | 71 | 49 | 35 | 52 | 39 | 57 |
| Polyomavirus JC | 13 | 6 | 9 | 4 | 7 | 7 |
| Polyomavirus untyped | 16 | 9 | 8 | 11 | 11 | 16 |
| Rickettsia | ||||||
| Rickettsia prowazekii | 1 | - | - | 1 | - | - |
| Rickettsia spotted fever | - | - | - | - | - | 3 |
| Rickettsia tsutsugamushi | 1 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Rubella virus | ||||||
| Rubella virus | 7 | 3 | 6 | 3 | 1 | 1 |
| Salmonella | ||||||
| Other salmonellas | 60 | 66 | 42 | 81 | 39 | 28 |
| Salmonella bareilly | - | 5 | - | - | - | - |
| Salmonella enterica | - | - | 7 | - | - | - |
| Salmonella enteritidis | 40 | 61 | 51 | 64 | 44 | 15 |
| Salmonella java | 5 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Salmonella newport | 6 | 7 | 15 | 16 | - | - |
| Salmonella saint-paul | - | 6 | - | 5 | - | - |
| Salmonella sp | 19 | 18 | 24 | 27 | 97 | 234 |
| Salmonella stanley | 5 | - | - | 6 | - | - |
| Salmonella thompson | 7 | - | 5 | - | - | - |
| Salmonella typhi and paratyphi | 27 | 16 | 8 | 20 | 10 | 14 |
| Salmonella typhimurium | 30 | 27 | 35 | 45 | 25 | 14 |
| Salmonella virchow | - | - | 9 | - | - | - |
| Slmonella enterica | 6 | 6 | - | - | - | - |
| Shigella | ||||||
| Shigella boydii | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | - | 2 |
| Shigella dysenteriae | - | - | 1 | - | - | 1 |
| Shigella flexneri | 14 | 23 | 14 | 17 | 6 | 12 |
| Shigella sonnei | 30 | 23 | 21 | 22 | 24 | 23 |
| Shigella sp | 51 | 42 | 59 | 66 | 62 | 80 |
| Streptococcus | ||||||
| Streptococcus group A | 59 | 57 | 56 | 65 | 63 | 59 |
| Streptococcus pneumoniae | 130 | 93 | 117 | 106 | 87 | 102 |
| Vibrio | ||||||
| Vibrio cholerae | - | - | 1 | 1 | - | 1 |
Carbapenemase-producing Enterobacterales (CPE)
For all Carbapenemase-producing Gram-negative organisms, the reports are de-duplicated by first mention of organism species and resistance mechanism by person in a rolling 52-week period.
Note: the numbers presented here do not include specimens that have been referred to the AMRHAI Reference Unit.
| Week notification received | 2024/20 | 2024/21 | 2024/22 | 2024/23 | 2024/24 | 2024/25 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Citrobacter | |||||||
| Citrobacter spp | IMP | - | 3 | 1 | - | 1 | 1 |
| KPC | 3 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 1 | |
| NDM | 2 | - | 2 | 2 | 1 | - | |
| OXA48 | 2 | - | 3 | 4 | 2 | - | |
| VIM | - | - | 1 | - | 1 | - | |
| Enterobacter | |||||||
| Enterobacter cloacae complex | IMP | 2 | 3 | 5 | 1 | 2 | 2 |
| KPC | 3 | 7 | 9 | 8 | 3 | 1 | |
| NDM | 10 | 12 | 8 | 10 | 4 | 1 | |
| OXA48 | 4 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 4 | 3 | |
| Other | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | - | - | |
| Enterobacter other named | IMP | - | 1 | - | - | - | - |
| Other enterobacter spp | IMP | 2 | 1 | 2 | - | - | - |
| KPC | - | - | 1 | - | - | - | |
| NDM | 1 | 1 | - | 1 | - | - | |
| OXA48 | 1 | 1 | - | - | - | - | |
| VIM | 2 | - | 1 | - | - | - | |
| Escherichia | |||||||
| Escherichia coli | IMP | 7 | 3 | - | 3 | 4 | - |
| KPC | 1 | 3 | 7 | 5 | 8 | 10 | |
| NDM | 21 | 20 | 16 | 9 | 11 | 7 | |
| OXA48 | 34 | 21 | 15 | 16 | 23 | 3 | |
| VIM | - | - | - | - | 2 | - | |
| Other | - | - | 3 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| Escherichia hermannii | NDM | - | 1 | - | - | - | - |
| Other | - | 1 | - | - | - | - | |
| Other escherichia spp | OXA48 | 1 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Klebsiella | |||||||
| Klebsiella aerogenes | KPC | - | - | - | - | - | 1 |
| Klebsiella oxytoca | KPC | 2 | - | 3 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| NDM | - | 1 | - | - | - | - | |
| OXA48 | 2 | 3 | 2 | - | 1 | - | |
| Other | - | 1 | - | - | - | - | |
| Klebsiella pneumoniae | IMP | - | 4 | 3 | - | 1 | - |
| KPC | 12 | 19 | 11 | 8 | 14 | 4 | |
| NDM | 14 | 23 | 6 | 6 | 5 | - | |
| OXA48 | 8 | 15 | 12 | 10 | 7 | 1 | |
| VIM | 1 | - | - | - | - | - | |
| Other | 3 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | |
| Klebsiella variicola | KPC | - | - | - | - | - | 1 |
| Other klebsiella spp | KPC | - | - | - | 1 | - | - |
| OXA48 | 1 | - | - | 1 | - | - | |
| Kluyvera | |||||||
| Kluyvera spp | VIM | - | - | - | 1 | - | - |
| Leclercia | |||||||
| Leclercia adecarboxylata | NDM | - | 1 | - | - | - | - |
| Proteus | |||||||
| Proteus mirabilis | NDM | 2 | - | - | 2 | 3 | - |
| OXA48 | - | - | - | - | - | 1 | |
| Other | - | - | - | 1 | 1 | - | |
| Serratia | |||||||
| Serratia marcescens/ureilytica | NDM | 1 | - | - | - | - | - |
| OXA48 | - | - | 1 | - | - | - |
Other carbapenemase-producing Gram-negative organisms [note 1]
For all Carbapenemase-producing Gram-negative organisms, the reports are de-duplicated by first mention of organism species and resistance mechanism by person in a rolling 52-week period.
Note: the numbers presented here do not include specimens that have been referred to the AMRHAI Reference Unit.
| Week notification received | 2024/20 | 2024/21 | 2024/22 | 2024/23 | 2024/24 | 2024/25 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acinetobacter | |||||||
| Acinetobacter baumannii | IMP | - | - | 1 | - | - | - |
| NDM | 2 | 1 | - | 1 | - | - | |
| Other | - | 1 | - | - | - | - | |
| Other acinetobacter spp | Other | 1 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Pseudomonas | |||||||
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa | IMP | 1 | - | 1 | - | - | - |
| NDM | - | 1 | 1 | 2 | - | - | |
| VIM | - | - | 3 | 1 | - | - | |
| Other | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| Pseudomonas putida group | VIM | - | - | - | - | 1 | 1 |
| Other | - | - | - | - | 1 | - | |
| Other pseudomonas spp | VIM | - | - | 1 | - | - | - |
| Other | |||||||
| NDM | - | 1 | - | - | - | - | |
| OXA48 | - | 1 | 1 | - | 1 | - |
[note 1] For all Carbapenemase-producing Gram-negative organisms, the reports are de-duplicated by first mention of organism species and resistance mechanism by person in a rolling 52-week period