Research and analysis

NOIDs causative agents: week 12 (week ending 23 March 2025)

Updated 28 March 2025

The Week 12 causative agents report has been re-produced due to some data errors. As the report was created at a later date (27 March 2025) there may also be some changes into the data due to retrospective reporting of causative agents in Week 12.

Laboratories in England have a statutory duty to notify the UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA) of the identification of the following causative agents:

  • Bacillus anthracis
  • Bacillus cereus
  • Bordetella pertussis
  • Borrelia spp
  • Brucella spp
  • Burkholderia mallei
  • Burkholderia pseudomallei
  • Campylobacter spp
  • Carbapenemase-producing Gram-negative bacteria
  • Chikungunya virus
  • Chlamydophila psittaci
  • Clostridium botulinum
  • Clostridium perfringens
  • Clostridium tetani
  • Corynebacterium diphtheriae
  • Corynebacterium ulcerans
  • Coxiella burnetii
  • Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus
  • Cryptosporidium spp
  • Dengue virus
  • Ebola virus
  • Entamoeba histolytica
  • Escherichia coli O 157
  • Francisella tularensis
  • Giardia spp
  • Guanarito virus
  • Haemophilus influenzae (invasive)
  • Hanta virus
  • hepatitis A
  • hepatitis B
  • hepatitis C
  • hepatitis D
  • hepatitis E
  • influenza virus
  • Junin virus
  • Kyasanur Forest disease virus
  • Lassa virus
  • Legionella spp
  • Leptospira interrogans
  • Listeria monocytogenes
  • Machupo virus
  • Marburg virus
  • measles virus
  • mpox virus
  • mumps virus
  • Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex
  • Neisseria meningitidis
  • Omsk haemorrhagic fever virus
  • Plasmodium falciparum
  • Plasmodium Knowlesi
  • Plasmodium Malariae
  • Plasmodium Ovale
  • Plasmodium Vivax
  • polio virus
  • Rabies virus
  • Rickettsia spp
  • Rift Valley fever virus
  • Rubella virus
  • Sabia virus
  • Salmonella spp
  • SARS coronavirus
  • Shigella spp
  • Streptococcus group A (invasive)
  • Streptococcus pneumoniae (invasive)
  • Varicella zoster virus
  • Variola virus
  • Vibrio cholerae
  • West Nile virus
  • Yellow fever virus
  • Yersinia pestis

Statutory Notifications of causative agents, grouped by root organism

Totals for the current week compared to the previous 5.

Week notification received 2025/08 2025/09 2025/10 2025/11 2025/12
Arboviruses          
West Nile Virus 1 1 - - -
Bacillus          
Bacillus cereus 18 14 16 15 19
Bordetella          
Bordetella pertussis 12 7 9 13 4
Borrelia          
Borrelia burgdorferi 28 19 11 18 19
Borrelia sp 3 7 3 3 2
Brucella          
Brucella sp - 4 - 4 1
Campylobacter          
Campylobacter coli 32 23 29 33 32
Campylobacter fetus - 1 - - -
Campylobacter jejuni 303 297 305 309 283
Campylobacter other named 2 3 2 2 -
Campylobacter rectus - 1 - - -
Campylobacter sp 933 1,032 1,037 1,111 1,011
Campylobacter upsaliensis 1 4 - 3 1
Campylobacter ureolyticus (bacteroides corrodens) - - - - 1
Chikungunya virus          
Chikungunya virus 1 2 1 1 1
Clostridium          
Clostridium perfringens 42 31 24 37 40
Coronavirus          
Coronavirus 236 238 189 170 150
Human coronavirus 229e - 1 1 - -
Human coronavirus hku1 2 1 5 1 -
Human coronavirus oc43 - - - - 1
SARS-CoV-2 antibody indeterminate 2 - 2 6 -
SARS-CoV-2 antibody void 12 14 26 34 34
SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus (COVID-19) 928 909 921 895 1,071
SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus (COVID-19) indeterminate 48 41 55 42 60
SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody negative 27 7 11 9 2
SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody positive 83 32 60 63 45
SARS-CoV-2 total antibody negative 12 8 4 12 -
SARS-CoV-2 total antibody positive 13 8 8 41 29
Corynebacterium          
Corynebacterium diphtheriae 3 3 1 4 5
Corynebacterium ulcerans - 1 - - -
Coxiella          
Coxiella burnetii - - 1 - -
Cryptosporidium          
Cryptosporidium hominis 4 4 2 2 4
Cryptosporidium parvum 17 17 11 12 18
Cryptosporidium sp 17 28 40 40 36
Cryptosporidium ubiquitum 1 - 2 - -
Entamoeba          
Entamoeba histolytica 3 2 6 2 1
Escherichia          
Escherichia coli O 157 6 7 10 10 10
Flaviviruses          
Dengue virus 5 5 1 2 -
Giardia          
Giardia sp 106 95 123 123 106
Haemophilus          
Haemophilus influenzae 76 79 84 91 78
Hepatitis viruses          
Hepatitis A 18 18 18 13 13
Hepatitis B 298 278 289 302 306
Hepatitis C 287 214 278 291 281
Hepatitis D 9 3 9 8 6
Hepatitis E 34 45 39 59 27
Influenza virus          
Influenza A 2,208 1,808 1,657 1,351 1,310
Influenza B 2,192 2,045 1,649 1,435 1,235
Influenza indeterminate 1 - 1 - -
Influenza ungrouped 75 75 59 40 50
Legionella          
Legionella pneumophila 1 7 11 6 4
Legionella sp - 1 7 2 5
Leptospira          
Leptospira interrogans - - - 1 -
Listeria          
Listeria monocytogenes 5 2 8 3 5
Mycobacterium          
Mycobacterium tuberculosis 84 98 92 90 79
Neisseria          
Neisseria meningitidis 33 29 17 33 41
Orthopoxvirus          
Mpox virus positive 4 4 4 3 8
Paramyxoviruses          
Measles virus 15 20 16 10 11
Mumps virus 12 9 7 13 13
Plasmodium          
Plasmodium falciparum - 1 1 7 12
Plasmodium malariae - - - 1 -
Plasmodium ovale - - - 1 2
Plasmodium vivax - - - - 1
Polyomavirus          
Polyomavirus BK 43 60 60 69 46
Polyomavirus JC 9 6 9 7 9
Polyomavirus untyped 17 11 14 20 3
Rickettsia          
Rickettsia tsutsugamushi 2 - - - -
Rubella virus          
Rubella virus 2 4 1 1 5
Salmonella          
Other salmonellas 46 50 53 49 36
Salmonella enteritidis 17 26 36 31 -
Salmonella java 7 - - - -
Salmonella kentucky - - - 5 -
Salmonella newport - - 8 - -
Salmonella saint-paul - 14 6 8 -
Salmonella sp 10 24 42 51 86
Salmonella typhi and paratyphi 13 15 5 9 13
Salmonella typhimurium 13 28 13 17 -
Shigella          
Shigella boydii - 1 - 1 -
Shigella dysenteriae - - - - 1
Shigella flexneri 14 20 15 17 9
Shigella sonnei 16 13 12 9 18
Shigella sp 33 55 62 73 52
Streptococcus          
Streptococcus group A 73 61 52 60 54
Streptococcus pneumoniae 152 181 142 130 146
Vibrio          
Vibrio cholerae 2 - 1 2 1

Carbapenemase-producing Enterobacterales (CPE)

For all Carbapenemase-producing Gram-negative organisms, the reports are de-duplicated by first mention of organism species and resistance mechanism by person in a rolling 52-week period.

Note: the numbers presented here do not include specimens that have been referred to the AMRHAI Reference Unit.

Week notification received 2025/08 2025/09 2025/10 2025/11 2025/12
Citrobacter            
Citrobacter spp IMP - - 1 1 -
  KPC 1 3 - 1 2
  NDM 2 2 - - -
  OXA48 - 4 2 2 2
  VIM - 2 - - -
  Other 1 1 - 1 -
Enterobacter            
Enterobacter cloacae complex IMP 3 4 1 1 1
  KPC - 2 2 - -
  NDM 2 5 10 4 7
  OXA48 2 4 - 2 1
  Other 1 2 - 1 -
Other enterobacter spp KPC - 1 - - -
  NDM - - - - 1
Escherichia            
Escherichia coli KPC 1 3 1 2 1
  NDM 15 15 18 15 12
  OXA48 20 20 24 17 12
  Other 2 1 - 1 2
Klebsiella            
Klebsiella aerogenes KPC - - - - 1
  OXA48 - 1 - - -
Klebsiella oxytoca IMP - - 1 - -
  KPC - - 1 1 -
  NDM 2 - 1 1 -
  OXA48 1 - 1 1 -
Klebsiella pneumoniae IMP 1 - 2 - -
  KPC 7 15 6 5 6
  NDM 8 8 7 11 8
  OXA48 13 9 12 11 5
  Other 1 3 - 2 3
Klebsiella variicola OXA48 1 - - - -
Other klebsiella spp NDM - - - 1 -
  Other - - - 1 -
Morganella            
Morganella morganii NDM - 1 1 1 -
  OXA48 - - 1 - -
Pantoea            
Pantoea spp Other 1 - - - -
Proteus            
Proteus mirabilis NDM 2 2 3 - -
  OXA48 1 - - - 1
  Other 1 1 2 - -
Raoultella            
Raoultella ornithinolytica KPC - - 1 - -
  OXA48 - 1 - - -
Serratia            
Serratia marcescens/ureilytica NDM - - 1 - -
  OXA48 - 1 - - -

Other carbapenemase-producing Gram-negative organisms

For all Carbapenemase-producing Gram-negative organisms, the reports are de-duplicated by first mention of organism species and resistance mechanism by person in a rolling 52-week period.

Note: the numbers presented here do not include specimens that have been referred to the AMRHAI Reference Unit.

Week notification received 2025/08 2025/09 2025/10 2025/11 2025/12
Acinetobacter            
Acinetobacter baumannii NDM 2 1 3 1 -
Other acinetobacter spp NDM 1 - - - -
Pseudomonas            
Pseudomonas aeruginosa IMP 1 - - - -
  NDM 2 1 2 1 -
  Other 2 2 1 1 2
Pseudomonas stutzeri group NDM 1 - - - -
Other pseudomonas spp NDM - 1 1 - -
  VIM - 1 - - -
  Other - 1 1 - -
Other            
  KPC - 1 - - 1
  NDM 1 - - - -
  OXA48 1 - - - -