Research and analysis

NOIDs causative agents: week 13 (week ending 30 March 2025)

Updated 1 April 2025

Laboratories in England have a statutory duty to notify the UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA) of the identification of the following causative agents:

  • Bacillus anthracis
  • Bacillus cereus
  • Bordetella pertussis
  • Borrelia spp
  • Brucella spp
  • Burkholderia mallei
  • Burkholderia pseudomallei
  • Campylobacter spp
  • Carbapenemase-producing Gram-negative bacteria
  • Chikungunya virus
  • Chlamydophila psittaci
  • Clostridium botulinum
  • Clostridium perfringens
  • Clostridium tetani
  • Corynebacterium diphtheriae
  • Corynebacterium ulcerans
  • Coxiella burnetii
  • Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus
  • Cryptosporidium spp
  • Dengue virus
  • Ebola virus
  • Entamoeba histolytica
  • Escherichia coli O 157
  • Francisella tularensis
  • Giardia spp
  • Guanarito virus
  • Haemophilus influenzae (invasive)
  • Hanta virus
  • hepatitis A
  • hepatitis B
  • hepatitis C
  • hepatitis D
  • hepatitis E
  • influenza virus
  • Junin virus
  • Kyasanur Forest disease virus
  • Lassa virus
  • Legionella spp
  • Leptospira interrogans
  • Listeria monocytogenes
  • Machupo virus
  • Marburg virus
  • measles virus
  • mpox virus
  • mumps virus
  • Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex
  • Neisseria meningitidis
  • Omsk haemorrhagic fever virus
  • Plasmodium falciparum
  • Plasmodium Knowlesi
  • Plasmodium Malariae
  • Plasmodium Ovale
  • Plasmodium Vivax
  • polio virus
  • Rabies virus
  • Rickettsia spp
  • Rift Valley fever virus
  • Rubella virus
  • Sabia virus
  • Salmonella spp
  • SARS coronavirus
  • Shigella spp
  • Streptococcus group A (invasive)
  • Streptococcus pneumoniae (invasive)
  • Varicella zoster virus
  • Variola virus
  • Vibrio cholerae
  • West Nile virus
  • Yellow fever virus
  • Yersinia pestis

Statutory Notifications of causative agents, grouped by root organism

Totals for the current week compared to the previous 5.

Week notification received 2025/08 2025/09 2025/10 2025/11 2025/12 2025/13
Arboviruses            
West Nile Virus 1 1 - - - -
Bacillus            
Bacillus cereus 18 14 16 15 19 12
Bordetella            
Bordetella pertussis 12 7 9 13 4 9
Borrelia            
Borrelia burgdorferi 28 19 11 18 19 20
Borrelia sp 3 7 3 3 2 3
Brucella            
Brucella sp - 4 - 4 1 -
Campylobacter            
Campylobacter coli 32 23 29 33 33 33
Campylobacter fetus - 1 - - - -
Campylobacter jejuni 303 297 307 310 284 220
Campylobacter other named 2 3 2 2 - 2
Campylobacter rectus - 1 - - - -
Campylobacter sp 933 1,032 1,034 1,110 1,010 965
Campylobacter upsaliensis 1 4 - 3 1 -
Campylobacter ureolyticus (bacteroides corrodens) - - - - 1 3
Chikungunya virus            
Chikungunya virus 1 2 1 1 1 1
Clostridium            
Clostridium perfringens 42 31 24 37 40 33
Coronavirus            
Coronavirus 236 238 189 170 150 127
Human coronavirus 229e - 1 1 - - 1
Human coronavirus hku1 2 1 5 1 - -
Human coronavirus oc43 - - - - 1 -
SARS-CoV-2 antibody indeterminate 2 - 2 6 - -
SARS-CoV-2 antibody void 12 14 26 34 34 34
SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus (COVID-19) 939 912 920 894 1,070 1,123
SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus (COVID-19) indeterminate 51 41 55 42 60 35
SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody negative 27 11 41 18 5 19
SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody positive 83 32 103 85 47 68
SARS-CoV-2 total antibody negative 12 8 4 12 - 16
SARS-CoV-2 total antibody positive 13 8 8 41 29 38
Corynebacterium            
Corynebacterium diphtheriae 3 3 - 4 5 1
Corynebacterium ulcerans - 1 - - - 1
Coxiella            
Coxiella burnetii - - 1 - - -
Cryptosporidium            
Cryptosporidium hominis 4 4 2 2 6 1
Cryptosporidium meleagridis - - - - - 1
Cryptosporidium parvum 17 17 11 13 28 22
Cryptosporidium sp 17 28 39 39 24 35
Cryptosporidium ubiquitum 1 - 2 - - -
Entamoeba            
Entamoeba histolytica 3 2 6 2 1 3
Escherichia            
Escherichia coli O 157 6 7 10 10 11 6
Flaviviruses            
Dengue virus 5 5 1 2 - 6
Giardia            
Giardia sp 106 95 122 123 106 105
Haemophilus            
Haemophilus influenzae 76 79 84 91 76 79
Hepatitis viruses            
Hepatitis A 18 18 18 12 13 13
Hepatitis B 298 279 288 304 309 255
Hepatitis C 287 214 277 292 289 273
Hepatitis D 9 3 9 8 6 5
Hepatitis E 34 45 39 59 27 33
Influenza virus            
Influenza A 2,217 1,809 1,657 1,351 1,309 1,179
Influenza B 2,197 2,045 1,649 1,435 1,235 1,156
Influenza indeterminate 1 - 1 - - -
Influenza ungrouped 75 75 59 40 51 50
Legionella            
Legionella pneumophila 1 6 11 6 5 9
Legionella sp - 1 6 2 4 5
Leptospira            
Leptospira interrogans - - - 1 - 1
Listeria            
Listeria monocytogenes 5 2 7 3 5 1
Mycobacterium            
Mycobacterium tuberculosis 84 98 93 96 82 72
Neisseria            
Neisseria meningitidis 33 29 17 33 40 32
Orthopoxvirus            
Mpox virus positive 4 4 4 3 8 7
Paramyxoviruses            
Measles virus 15 20 16 10 9 14
Mumps virus 12 9 7 13 12 9
Plasmodium            
Plasmodium falciparum - 1 1 7 12 -
Plasmodium malariae - - - 1 - -
Plasmodium ovale - - - 1 2 -
Plasmodium vivax - - - - 1 -
Polyomavirus            
Polyomavirus BK 43 60 60 69 46 61
Polyomavirus JC 9 6 9 7 9 14
Polyomavirus untyped 17 11 14 20 3 11
Rickettsia            
Rickettsia tsutsugamushi 2 - - - - -
Rubella virus            
Rubella virus 2 3 1 1 3 3
Salmonella            
Other salmonellas 46 50 55 56 39 12
Salmonella enteritidis 17 26 36 35 7 8
Salmonella java 7 - - - - -
Salmonella kentucky - - - 5 - -
Salmonella newport - - 8 - - -
Salmonella saint-paul - 14 6 8 - -
Salmonella sp 10 24 39 38 69 111
Salmonella typhi and paratyphi 13 15 5 9 13 11
Salmonella typhimurium 13 28 13 19 6 -
Shigella            
Shigella boydii - 1 - 1 - -
Shigella dysenteriae - - - - 1 1
Shigella flexneri 14 20 16 17 10 9
Shigella sonnei 16 13 12 10 18 13
Shigella sp 33 55 61 72 51 74
Streptococcus            
Streptococcus group A 73 61 52 60 54 74
Streptococcus pneumoniae 152 181 142 131 147 148
Vibrio            
Vibrio cholerae 2 - 1 2 1 1

Carbapenemase-producing Enterobacterales (CPE)

For all Carbapenemase-producing Gram-negative organisms, the reports are de-duplicated by first mention of organism species and resistance mechanism by person in a rolling 52-week period.

Note: the numbers presented here do not include specimens that have been referred to the AMRHAI Reference Unit.

Week notification received 2025/08 2025/09 2025/10 2025/11 2025/12 2025/13
Citrobacter              
Citrobacter spp IMP - - 1 1 - -
  KPC 1 3 - 1 2 -
  NDM 2 2 - - 1 -
  OXA48 - 4 2 2 2 -
  VIM - 2 - - - -
  Other 1 1 - 1 - -
Enterobacter              
Enterobacter cloacae complex IMP 4 4 1 1 1 -
  KPC - 2 2 - 1 -
  NDM 2 5 10 4 8 3
  OXA48 2 5 - 2 2 -
  Other 1 2 - 1 - -
Other enterobacter spp KPC - 1 - - - -
  NDM - - - - 1 -
  OXA48 - - - - 2 -
Escherichia              
Escherichia coli KPC 1 3 1 2 1 -
  NDM 15 16 18 16 17 2
  OXA48 20 20 25 17 14 4
  Other 2 1 - 1 3 -
Klebsiella              
Klebsiella aerogenes KPC - - - - 1 -
  OXA48 - 1 - - - -
Klebsiella oxytoca IMP - - 1 - - -
  KPC - - 1 1 - -
  NDM 2 - 1 1 - -
  OXA48 1 - 1 1 - -
Klebsiella pneumoniae IMP 1 - 2 - - -
  KPC 7 15 7 5 10 -
  NDM 8 8 7 12 9 2
  OXA48 13 9 12 11 5 -
  Other 1 3 - 2 3 1
Klebsiella variicola OXA48 1 - - - - -
Other klebsiella spp NDM - - - 1 - -
  Other - - - 1 - -
Morganella              
Morganella morganii NDM - 1 1 1 - -
  OXA48 - - 1 - - -
Pantoea              
Pantoea spp Other 1 - - - - -
Proteus              
Proteus mirabilis NDM 2 2 3 1 1 -
  OXA48 1 - - - 1 -
  Other 1 1 2 1 1 -
Providencia              
Providencia stuartii Other - - - - - 1
Raoultella              
Raoultella ornithinolytica KPC - - 1 - - -
  OXA48 - 1 - - - -
Serratia              
Serratia marcescens/ureilytica NDM - - 1 - - -
  OXA48 - 1 - - - -

Other carbapenemase-producing Gram-negative organisms

For all Carbapenemase-producing Gram-negative organisms, the reports are de-duplicated by first mention of organism species and resistance mechanism by person in a rolling 52-week period.

Note: the numbers presented here do not include specimens that have been referred to the AMRHAI Reference Unit.

Week notification received 2025/08 2025/09 2025/10 2025/11 2025/12 2025/13
Acinetobacter              
Acinetobacter baumannii NDM 2 1 3 1 2 -
Other acinetobacter spp NDM 1 - - - - -
Pseudomonas              
Pseudomonas aeruginosa IMP 1 - - - - -
  NDM 2 1 2 1 - -
  Other 2 2 1 1 1 -
Pseudomonas stutzeri group NDM 1 - - - - -
Other pseudomonas spp NDM - 1 1 - - -
  VIM - 1 - - - -
  Other - 1 1 - - -
Other              
  KPC - 1 - - 1 -
  NDM 1 - - - - -
  OXA48 1 - - - - -