Research and analysis
NOIDs causative agents: week 14 (week ending 6 April 2025)
Updated 24 April 2025
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Laboratories in England have a statutory duty to notify the UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA) of the identification of the following causative agents:
- Bacillus anthracis
- Bacillus cereus
- Bordetella pertussis
- Borrelia spp
- Brucella spp
- Burkholderia mallei
- Burkholderia pseudomallei
- Campylobacter spp
- Carbapenemase-producing Gram-negative bacteria
- Chikungunya virus
- Chlamydophila psittaci
- Clostridium botulinum
- Clostridium perfringens
- Clostridium tetani
- Corynebacterium diphtheriae
- Corynebacterium ulcerans
- Coxiella burnetii
- Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus
- Cryptosporidium spp
- Dengue virus
- Ebola virus
- Entamoeba histolytica
- Escherichia coli O 157
- Francisella tularensis
- Giardia spp
- Guanarito virus
- Haemophilus influenzae (invasive)
- Hanta virus
- hepatitis A
- hepatitis B
- hepatitis C
- hepatitis D
- hepatitis E
- influenza virus
- Junin virus
- Kyasanur Forest disease virus
- Lassa virus
- Legionella spp
- Leptospira interrogans
- Listeria monocytogenes
- Machupo virus
- Marburg virus
- measles virus
- mpox virus
- mumps virus
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex
- Neisseria meningitidis
- Omsk haemorrhagic fever virus
- Plasmodium falciparum
- Plasmodium Knowlesi
- Plasmodium Malariae
- Plasmodium Ovale
- Plasmodium Vivax
- polio virus
- Rabies virus
- Rickettsia spp
- Rift Valley fever virus
- Rubella virus
- Sabia virus
- Salmonella spp
- SARS coronavirus
- Shigella spp
- Streptococcus group A (invasive)
- Streptococcus pneumoniae (invasive)
- Varicella zoster virus
- Variola virus
- Vibrio cholerae
- West Nile virus
- Yellow fever virus
- Yersinia pestis
Statutory Notifications of causative agents, grouped by root organism
Totals for the current week compared to the previous 5.
| Week notification received | 2025/09 | 2025/10 | 2025/11 | 2025/12 | 2025/13 | 2025/14 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Arboviruses | ||||||
| West Nile Virus | 1 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Bacillus | ||||||
| Bacillus cereus | 14 | 16 | 15 | 19 | 12 | 13 |
| Bordetella | ||||||
| Bordetella pertussis | 7 | 9 | 13 | 4 | 10 | 8 |
| Borrelia | ||||||
| Borrelia burgdorferi | 19 | 11 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 15 |
| Borrelia sp | 7 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 2 |
| Brucella | ||||||
| Brucella sp | 4 | - | 4 | 1 | - | 1 |
| Campylobacter | ||||||
| Campylobacter coli | 23 | 29 | 33 | 33 | 35 | 29 |
| Campylobacter fetus | 1 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Campylobacter jejuni | 297 | 307 | 311 | 286 | 256 | 251 |
| Campylobacter other named | 3 | 2 | 2 | - | 2 | 7 |
| Campylobacter rectus | 1 | - | - | - | - | 1 |
| Campylobacter sp | 1,032 | 1,036 | 1,109 | 1,011 | 930 | 977 |
| Campylobacter upsaliensis | 4 | - | 3 | 1 | - | - |
| Campylobacter ureolyticus (bacteroides corrodens) | - | - | - | 1 | 3 | 3 |
| Chikungunya virus | ||||||
| Chikungunya virus | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | - |
| Clostridium | ||||||
| Clostridium perfringens | 31 | 24 | 37 | 41 | 33 | 35 |
| Coronavirus | ||||||
| Coronavirus | 238 | 189 | 170 | 150 | 127 | 136 |
| Human coronavirus 229e | 1 | 1 | - | - | 1 | - |
| Human coronavirus hku1 | 1 | 5 | 1 | - | - | 1 |
| Human coronavirus oc43 | - | - | - | 1 | - | - |
| SARS-CoV-2 antibody indeterminate | - | 2 | 6 | - | - | - |
| SARS-CoV-2 antibody void | 14 | 26 | 34 | 34 | 34 | 16 |
| SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus (COVID-19) | 912 | 920 | 895 | 1,070 | 1,123 | 1,144 |
| SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus (COVID-19) indeterminate | 41 | 55 | 42 | 60 | 37 | 35 |
| SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody negative | 11 | 41 | 18 | 5 | 19 | 32 |
| SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody positive | 32 | 103 | 85 | 47 | 68 | 99 |
| SARS-CoV-2 total antibody negative | 8 | 4 | 12 | - | 16 | 16 |
| SARS-CoV-2 total antibody positive | 8 | 8 | 41 | 29 | 38 | 24 |
| Corynebacterium | ||||||
| Corynebacterium diphtheriae | 3 | - | 4 | 5 | 1 | - |
| Corynebacterium ulcerans | 1 | - | - | - | 1 | 1 |
| Coxiella | ||||||
| Coxiella burnetii | - | 1 | - | - | - | 1 |
| Cryptosporidium | ||||||
| Cryptosporidium hominis | 4 | 2 | 2 | 6 | 2 | - |
| Cryptosporidium meleagridis | - | - | - | - | 1 | - |
| Cryptosporidium parvum | 17 | 11 | 13 | 30 | 37 | 8 |
| Cryptosporidium sp | 28 | 39 | 39 | 22 | 19 | 62 |
| Cryptosporidium ubiquitum | - | 2 | - | - | - | - |
| Entamoeba | ||||||
| Entamoeba histolytica | 2 | 6 | 2 | 4 | 4 | 1 |
| Escherichia | ||||||
| Escherichia coli O 157 | 7 | 10 | 9 | 11 | 7 | 4 |
| Flaviviruses | ||||||
| Dengue virus | 5 | 1 | 2 | - | 6 | 3 |
| Giardia | ||||||
| Giardia sp | 95 | 123 | 123 | 108 | 107 | 96 |
| Haemophilus | ||||||
| Haemophilus influenzae | 79 | 85 | 91 | 77 | 79 | 102 |
| Hepatitis viruses | ||||||
| Hepatitis A | 18 | 18 | 12 | 13 | 13 | 13 |
| Hepatitis B | 279 | 289 | 311 | 320 | 271 | 234 |
| Hepatitis C | 214 | 277 | 295 | 289 | 277 | 249 |
| Hepatitis D | 3 | 9 | 8 | 6 | 5 | 10 |
| Hepatitis E | 45 | 39 | 60 | 27 | 33 | 48 |
| Influenza virus | ||||||
| Influenza A | 1,810 | 1,657 | 1,352 | 1,312 | 1,187 | 910 |
| Influenza B | 2,045 | 1,649 | 1,438 | 1,242 | 1,162 | 818 |
| Influenza indeterminate | - | 1 | - | - | - | - |
| Influenza ungrouped | 75 | 59 | 40 | 51 | 51 | 35 |
| Legionella | ||||||
| Legionella pneumophila | 6 | 12 | 7 | 5 | 10 | 2 |
| Legionella sp | 1 | 6 | 2 | 4 | 5 | 2 |
| Leptospira | ||||||
| Leptospira interrogans | - | - | 1 | - | 1 | - |
| Listeria | ||||||
| Listeria monocytogenes | 2 | 7 | 3 | 5 | 2 | 12 |
| Mycobacterium | ||||||
| Mycobacterium tuberculosis | 99 | 93 | 101 | 93 | 76 | 91 |
| Neisseria | ||||||
| Neisseria meningitidis | 30 | 16 | 33 | 40 | 32 | 33 |
| Orthopoxvirus | ||||||
| Mpox virus positive | 4 | 4 | 3 | 8 | 7 | 6 |
| Paramyxoviruses | ||||||
| Measles virus | 20 | 16 | 10 | 9 | 14 | 16 |
| Mumps virus | 9 | 7 | 13 | 12 | 9 | 6 |
| Plasmodium | ||||||
| Plasmodium falciparum | 1 | 1 | 7 | 12 | - | - |
| Plasmodium malariae | - | - | 1 | - | - | - |
| Plasmodium ovale | - | - | 1 | 2 | - | - |
| Plasmodium vivax | - | - | - | 1 | - | - |
| Polyomavirus | ||||||
| Polyomavirus BK | 60 | 60 | 69 | 46 | 61 | 60 |
| Polyomavirus JC | 6 | 9 | 7 | 9 | 14 | 11 |
| Polyomavirus untyped | 11 | 14 | 20 | 3 | 11 | 15 |
| Rickettsia | ||||||
| Rickettsia mooseri | - | - | - | - | - | 1 |
| Rubella virus | ||||||
| Rubella virus | 3 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 4 |
| Salmonella | ||||||
| Other salmonellas | 51 | 55 | 55 | 54 | 34 | 27 |
| Salmonella agona | - | - | - | 5 | - | - |
| Salmonella chester | - | - | - | - | 5 | - |
| Salmonella enteritidis | 26 | 36 | 38 | 17 | 19 | 9 |
| Salmonella infantis | - | - | 5 | - | - | - |
| Salmonella kentucky | - | - | 5 | - | - | - |
| Salmonella newport | - | 8 | - | 7 | - | - |
| Salmonella saint-paul | 14 | 6 | 8 | - | - | - |
| Salmonella sp | 23 | 39 | 31 | 26 | 58 | 112 |
| Salmonella typhi and paratyphi | 15 | 5 | 9 | 13 | 14 | 13 |
| Salmonella typhimurium | 28 | 13 | 19 | 14 | 14 | 7 |
| Shigella | ||||||
| Shigella boydii | 1 | - | 1 | - | - | 1 |
| Shigella dysenteriae | - | - | - | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Shigella flexneri | 20 | 16 | 18 | 11 | 13 | 19 |
| Shigella sonnei | 13 | 12 | 11 | 22 | 16 | 6 |
| Shigella sp | 55 | 61 | 70 | 47 | 67 | 70 |
| Streptococcus | ||||||
| Streptococcus group A | 61 | 52 | 60 | 56 | 75 | 50 |
| Streptococcus pneumoniae | 181 | 142 | 131 | 147 | 150 | 135 |
| Vibrio | ||||||
| Vibrio cholerae | - | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Carbapenemase-producing Enterobacterales (CPE)
For all Carbapenemase-producing Gram-negative organisms, the reports are de-duplicated by first mention of organism species and resistance mechanism by person in a rolling 52-week period.
Note: the numbers presented here do not include specimens that have been referred to the AMRHAI Reference Unit.
| Week notification received | 2025/09 | 2025/10 | 2025/11 | 2025/12 | 2025/13 | 2025/14 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Citrobacter | |||||||
| Citrobacter spp | IMP | - | 1 | 1 | - | - | - |
| KPC | 3 | - | 1 | 2 | - | - | |
| NDM | 2 | - | - | 1 | 1 | - | |
| OXA48 | 4 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | - | |
| VIM | 2 | - | - | - | - | - | |
| Other | 1 | - | 1 | - | - | - | |
| Enterobacter | |||||||
| Enterobacter cloacae complex | IMP | 4 | 1 | 1 | 1 | - | - |
| KPC | 2 | 2 | - | 1 | - | 1 | |
| NDM | 5 | 10 | 5 | 10 | 11 | 1 | |
| OXA48 | 5 | - | 2 | 2 | - | - | |
| Other | 2 | - | 1 | - | 2 | - | |
| Other enterobacter spp | KPC | 1 | - | - | - | - | - |
| NDM | - | - | - | 1 | - | - | |
| OXA48 | - | - | - | 2 | - | - | |
| Escherichia | |||||||
| Escherichia coli | KPC | 3 | 1 | 2 | 1 | - | - |
| NDM | 16 | 18 | 17 | 18 | 16 | 2 | |
| OXA48 | 20 | 26 | 17 | 16 | 13 | 6 | |
| Other | 1 | - | 1 | 3 | 1 | - | |
| Klebsiella | |||||||
| Klebsiella aerogenes | KPC | - | - | - | 1 | - | - |
| OXA48 | 1 | - | - | - | - | - | |
| Klebsiella oxytoca | IMP | - | 1 | - | - | - | - |
| KPC | - | 1 | 1 | - | - | - | |
| NDM | - | 1 | 1 | - | - | - | |
| OXA48 | - | 1 | 1 | - | - | - | |
| Klebsiella pneumoniae | IMP | - | 2 | - | 1 | 2 | - |
| KPC | 16 | 7 | 5 | 10 | 17 | - | |
| NDM | 8 | 7 | 12 | 10 | 7 | - | |
| OXA48 | 9 | 12 | 12 | 6 | 3 | 1 | |
| Other | 3 | - | 2 | 3 | 3 | 1 | |
| Other klebsiella spp | NDM | - | - | 1 | - | 1 | - |
| Other | - | - | 1 | - | 1 | - | |
| Morganella | |||||||
| Morganella morganii | NDM | 1 | 1 | 1 | - | - | - |
| OXA48 | - | 1 | - | - | - | - | |
| Pantoea | |||||||
| Pantoea spp | NDM | - | - | - | - | 1 | - |
| Proteus | |||||||
| Proteus mirabilis | NDM | 2 | 3 | 1 | 1 | - | 1 |
| OXA48 | - | - | - | 1 | 1 | - | |
| Other | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| Providencia | |||||||
| Providencia stuartii | Other | - | - | - | - | 1 | - |
| Raoultella | |||||||
| Raoultella ornithinolytica | KPC | - | 1 | - | - | - | - |
| OXA48 | 1 | - | - | - | - | - | |
| Serratia | |||||||
| Serratia marcescens/ureilytica | NDM | - | 1 | - | - | - | - |
| OXA48 | 1 | - | - | - | - | - |
Other carbapenemase-producing Gram-negative organisms
For all Carbapenemase-producing Gram-negative organisms, the reports are de-duplicated by first mention of organism species and resistance mechanism by person in a rolling 52-week period.
Note: the numbers presented here do not include specimens that have been referred to the AMRHAI Reference Unit.
| Week notification received | 2025/09 | 2025/10 | 2025/11 | 2025/12 | 2025/13 | 2025/14 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acinetobacter | |||||||
| Acinetobacter baumannii | NDM | 1 | 3 | 1 | 2 | - | - |
| Pseudomonas | |||||||
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa | NDM | 1 | 2 | 1 | - | - | 1 |
| Other | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | - | |
| Other pseudomonas spp | NDM | 1 | 1 | - | - | - | - |
| VIM | 1 | - | - | - | - | 1 | |
| Other | 1 | 1 | - | - | - | - | |
| Other | |||||||
| KPC | 1 | - | - | 1 | - | - | |
| OXA48 | - | - | - | - | - | 1 |