Research and analysis
NOIDs causative agents: week 5 (week ending 2 February 2025)
Updated 11 February 2025
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Laboratories in England have a statutory duty to notify the UK Health Security Agency of the identification of the following causative agents:
- Bacillus anthracis
- Bacillus cereus
- Bordetella pertussis
- Borrelia spp
- Brucella spp
- Burkholderia mallei
- Burkholderia pseudomallei
- Campylobacter spp
- Carbapenemase-producing Gram-negative bacteria
- Chikungunya virus
- Chlamydophila psittaci
- Clostridium botulinum
- Clostridium perfringens
- Clostridium tetani
- Corynebacterium diphtheriae
- Corynebacterium ulcerans
- Coxiella burnetii
- Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus
- Cryptosporidium spp
- Dengue virus
- Ebola virus
- Entamoeba histolytica
- Escherichia coli O 157
- Francisella tularensis
- Giardia spp
- Guanarito virus
- Haemophilus influenzae (invasive)
- Hanta virus
- hepatitis A
- hepatitis B
- hepatitis C
- hepatitis D
- hepatitis E
- influenza virus
- Junin virus
- Kyasanur Forest disease virus
- Lassa virus
- Legionella spp
- Leptospira interrogans
- Listeria monocytogenes
- Machupo virus
- Marburg virus
- measles virus
- mpox virus
- mumps virus
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex
- Neisseria meningitidis
- Omsk haemorrhagic fever virus
- Plasmodium falciparum
- Plasmodium Knowlesi
- Plasmodium Malariae
- Plasmodium Ovale
- Plasmodium Vivax
- polio virus
- Rabies virus
- Rickettsia spp
- Rift Valley fever virus
- Rubella virus
- Sabia virus
- Salmonella spp
- SARS coronavirus
- Shigella spp
- Streptococcus group A (invasive)
- Streptococcus pneumoniae (invasive)
- Varicella zoster virus
- Variola virus
- Vibrio cholerae
- West Nile virus
- Yellow fever virus
- Yersinia pestis
Statutory Notifications of causative agents, grouped by root organism
Totals for the current week compared to the previous 5.
| Week notification received | 2024/52 | 2025/01 | 2025/02 | 2025/03 | 2025/04 | 2025/05 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Arboviruses | ||||||
| West Nile Virus | 1 | - | 1 | - | - | - |
| Bacillus | ||||||
| Bacillus cereus | 14 | 19 | 19 | 12 | 13 | 26 |
| Bordetella | ||||||
| Bordetella pertussis | 13 | 7 | 20 | 18 | 11 | 13 |
| Borrelia | ||||||
| Borrelia burgdorferi | 5 | 7 | 19 | 25 | 22 | 16 |
| Borrelia sp | - | 3 | 2 | 4 | 4 | 7 |
| Brucella | ||||||
| Brucella sp | - | - | 2 | 2 | 3 | - |
| Campylobacter | ||||||
| Campylobacter coli | 25 | 22 | 31 | 31 | 29 | 27 |
| Campylobacter jejuni | 204 | 206 | 275 | 322 | 266 | 246 |
| Campylobacter lari | - | - | - | 1 | - | - |
| Campylobacter other named | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 3 |
| Campylobacter sp | 638 | 654 | 838 | 923 | 939 | 959 |
| Campylobacter upsaliensis | 1 | - | - | - | - | 1 |
| Campylobacter ureolyticus (bacteroides corrodens) | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 |
| Chikungunya virus | ||||||
| Chikungunya virus | 2 | - | 2 | 2 | - | 1 |
| Clostridium | ||||||
| Clostridium perfringens | 27 | 37 | 39 | 42 | 26 | 46 |
| Clostridium tetani | - | - | - | - | 1 | - |
| Coronavirus | ||||||
| Coronavirus | 136 | 184 | 197 | 201 | 215 | 262 |
| Human coronavirus 229e | - | - | 1 | - | - | - |
| Human coronavirus hku1 | 1 | 4 | 2 | 4 | 3 | 7 |
| Human coronavirus nl63 | - | - | - | - | 1 | - |
| Human coronavirus oc43 | - | - | - | 2 | - | - |
| SARS-CoV-2 antibody indeterminate | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 |
| SARS-CoV-2 antibody void | 8 | 26 | 30 | 24 | 40 | 34 |
| SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus (COVID-19) | 916 | 1,469 | 931 | 837 | 778 | 873 |
| SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus (COVID-19) indeterminate | 49 | 77 | 67 | 42 | 65 | 44 |
| SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody negative | 3 | 22 | 26 | 20 | 9 | 22 |
| SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody positive | 22 | 77 | 93 | 77 | 38 | 58 |
| SARS-CoV-2 total antibody negative | 3 | 8 | 5 | 4 | 7 | 4 |
| SARS-CoV-2 total antibody positive | 12 | 22 | 25 | 33 | 38 | 39 |
| Corynebacterium | ||||||
| Corynebacterium diphtheriae | 1 | 1 | 4 | 5 | 3 | 7 |
| Corynebacterium ulcerans | 1 | - | - | 2 | - | - |
| Coxiella | ||||||
| Coxiella burnetii | - | - | 1 | - | - | 1 |
| Cryptosporidium | ||||||
| Cryptosporidium hominis | 7 | 5 | 7 | 3 | 3 | 2 |
| Cryptosporidium parvum | 15 | 23 | 24 | 18 | 27 | 7 |
| Cryptosporidium sp | 12 | 7 | 17 | 22 | 23 | 41 |
| Cryptosporidium ubiquitum | - | 1 | - | 1 | - | - |
| Entamoeba | ||||||
| Entamoeba histolytica | 3 | 2 | 2 | - | 1 | 3 |
| Escherichia | ||||||
| Escherichia coli O 157 | 6 | 10 | 8 | 7 | 7 | 6 |
| Flaviviruses | ||||||
| Dengue virus | 8 | 5 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 4 |
| Giardia | ||||||
| Giardia sp | 61 | 75 | 110 | 112 | 97 | 133 |
| Haemophilus | ||||||
| Haemophilus influenzae | 59 | 55 | 88 | 72 | 92 | 86 |
| Hepatitis viruses | ||||||
| Hepatitis A | 15 | 17 | 20 | 28 | 15 | 23 |
| Hepatitis B | 186 | 191 | 279 | 275 | 292 | 316 |
| Hepatitis C | 199 | 215 | 234 | 238 | 245 | 277 |
| Hepatitis D | 4 | 5 | 5 | 7 | 11 | 6 |
| Hepatitis E | 28 | 40 | 36 | 28 | 38 | 23 |
| Influenza virus | ||||||
| Influenza A | 12,800 | 12,504 | 9,801 | 6,677 | 5,151 | 4,080 |
| Influenza B | 657 | 872 | 1,072 | 1,132 | 1,587 | 1,849 |
| Influenza indeterminate | 15 | 4 | 11 | 3 | 2 | 4 |
| Influenza ungrouped | 283 | 297 | 218 | 179 | 145 | 123 |
| Legionella | ||||||
| Legionella pneumophila | 8 | 7 | 6 | 6 | 5 | 4 |
| Legionella sp | 1 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 3 | - |
| Leptospira | ||||||
| Leptospira interrogans | - | - | - | 1 | - | 1 |
| Listeria | ||||||
| Listeria monocytogenes | 2 | 3 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 2 |
| Mycobacterium | ||||||
| Mycobacterium tuberculosis | 68 | 72 | 98 | 68 | 84 | 66 |
| Neisseria | ||||||
| Neisseria meningitidis | 26 | 41 | 42 | 33 | 34 | 39 |
| Orthopoxvirus | ||||||
| Mpox virus positive | 7 | 3 | 7 | 3 | 4 | 7 |
| Paramyxoviruses | ||||||
| Measles virus | 23 | 12 | 17 | 26 | 20 | 18 |
| Mumps virus | 4 | 4 | 3 | 5 | 6 | 5 |
| Plasmodium | ||||||
| Plasmodium falciparum | - | - | - | 1 | - | - |
| Plasmodium vivax | 1 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Polyomavirus | ||||||
| Polyomavirus BK | 27 | 40 | 56 | 80 | 60 | 59 |
| Polyomavirus JC | 9 | 2 | 7 | 16 | 7 | 10 |
| Polyomavirus untyped | 10 | 7 | 20 | 25 | 14 | 17 |
| Rickettsia | ||||||
| Rickettsia spotted fever | - | - | 1 | - | - | - |
| Rubella virus | ||||||
| Rubella virus | 2 | 4 | 1 | 4 | - | 1 |
| Salmonella | ||||||
| Other salmonellas | 56 | 40 | 56 | 50 | 41 | 17 |
| Salmonella enteritidis | 14 | 20 | 28 | 31 | 18 | 7 |
| Salmonella newport | - | - | - | 8 | - | - |
| Salmonella sp | 6 | 10 | 18 | 21 | 53 | 85 |
| Salmonella typhi and paratyphi | 16 | 10 | 8 | 8 | 19 | 7 |
| Salmonella typhimurium | 16 | 17 | 27 | 30 | 16 | 15 |
| Salmonella virchow | - | - | - | 6 | - | - |
| Shigella | ||||||
| Shigella boydii | 2 | 1 | - | 2 | - | - |
| Shigella dysenteriae | - | - | 2 | - | - | - |
| Shigella flexneri | 11 | 12 | 29 | 17 | 14 | 6 |
| Shigella sonnei | 12 | 11 | 12 | 31 | 31 | 18 |
| Shigella sp | 35 | 33 | 65 | 68 | 61 | 56 |
| #Streptococcus | ||||||
| Streptococcus group A | 59 | 46 | 61 | 80 | 64 | 74 |
| Streptococcus pneumoniae | 220 | 277 | 239 | 146 | 162 | 147 |
| Vibrio | ||||||
| Vibrio cholerae | - | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 2 |
Carbapenemase-producing Enterobacterales (CPE)
For all Carbapenemase-producing Gram-negative organisms, the reports are de-duplicated by first mention of organism species and resistance mechanism by person in a rolling 52-week period.
Note: the numbers presented here do not include specimens that have been referred to the AMRHAI Reference Unit.
| Week notification received | 2024/52 | 2025/01 | 2025/02 | 2025/03 | 2025/04 | 2025/05 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Citrobacter | |||||||
| Citrobacter spp | IMP | 1 | - | 1 | - | - | - |
| KPC | 2 | - | - | 1 | 1 | - | |
| NDM | - | 1 | 1 | 1 | - | 1 | |
| OXA48 | 1 | 2 | - | 3 | 1 | - | |
| VIM | - | 1 | - | - | - | - | |
| Other | - | - | - | - | 1 | - | |
| Enterobacter | |||||||
| Enterobacter cloacae complex | IMP | 4 | 3 | 1 | - | 2 | 1 |
| KPC | 2 | 1 | 5 | 5 | 4 | - | |
| NDM | 7 | 5 | 4 | 11 | 13 | 4 | |
| OXA48 | 2 | 10 | 2 | 6 | 8 | 3 | |
| VIM | - | 1 | - | - | - | - | |
| Other | - | - | 1 | 1 | 1 | - | |
| Other enterobacter spp | IMP | - | - | 2 | 1 | - | - |
| NDM | - | 1 | 2 | - | 2 | - | |
| OXA48 | 1 | 1 | - | - | - | - | |
| Escherichia | |||||||
| Escherichia coli | IMP | 2 | - | - | - | 1 | - |
| KPC | 1 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 2 | - | |
| NDM | 15 | 11 | 15 | 12 | 5 | 1 | |
| OXA48 | 11 | 14 | 25 | 24 | 20 | 4 | |
| VIM | - | - | 1 | - | - | - | |
| Other | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 3 | - | |
| Escherichia hermannii | KPC | - | - | 1 | - | - | - |
| Escherichia vulneris | KPC | - | - | 1 | - | - | - |
| Klebsiella | |||||||
| Klebsiella oxytoca | IMP | - | - | - | - | 1 | - |
| KPC | - | - | - | 2 | 2 | - | |
| NDM | - | 1 | - | 1 | 1 | - | |
| OXA48 | 1 | 1 | - | 2 | - | - | |
| VIM | - | - | 1 | - | - | - | |
| Klebsiella pneumoniae | IMP | 2 | 1 | - | 1 | 3 | - |
| KPC | 4 | 5 | 4 | 8 | 6 | 2 | |
| NDM | 8 | 8 | 4 | 12 | 6 | 3 | |
| OXA48 | 8 | 12 | 17 | 10 | 17 | 3 | |
| VIM | - | - | - | - | - | 1 | |
| Other | 2 | 4 | 1 | 1 | 2 | - | |
| Klebsiella serogenes | OXA48 | - | 1 | - | - | - | - |
| Klebsiella variicola | KPC | - | - | - | 1 | - | - |
| Other klebsiella spp | NDM | - | - | - | 1 | - | - |
| OXA48 | - | - | 1 | 1 | - | - | |
| Proteus | |||||||
| Proteus hauseri | VIM | 1 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Proteus mirabilis | NDM | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | - | 4 |
| OXA48 | - | - | - | 1 | - | - | |
| Other | 2 | 1 | 2 | - | 1 | 1 | |
| Other proteus spp | NDM | 1 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Raoultella | |||||||
| Raoultella spp | OXA48 | - | - | 1 | - | - | - |
Other carbapenemase-producing Gram-negative organisms
For all Carbapenemase-producing Gram-negative organisms, the reports are de-duplicated by first mention of organism species and resistance mechanism by person in a rolling 52-week period.
Note: the numbers presented here do not include specimens that have been referred to the AMRHAI Reference Unit.
| Week notification received | 2024/52 | 2025/01 | 2025/02 | 2025/03 | 2025/04 | 2025/05 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acinetobacter | |||||||
| Acinetobacter baumannii | NDM | - | - | - | 1 | - | - |
| Acinetobacter variabilis | NDM | - | - | 1 | - | - | - |
| Pseudomonas | |||||||
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa | NDM | 2 | - | 2 | 1 | 2 | 1 |
| VIM | - | - | - | 1 | - | - | |
| Other | 3 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| Pseudomonas putida group | VIM | 1 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Other | |||||||
| KPC | - | 1 | - | - | - | - | |
| NDM | - | 1 | - | - | - | - | |
| OXA48 | - | - | - | - | - | 1 |