Research and analysis

NOIDs causative agents: week 8 (week ending 23 February 2025)

Updated 10 March 2025

Laboratories in England have a statutory duty to notify the UK Health Security Agency of the identification of the following causative agents:

  • Bacillus anthracis
  • Bacillus cereus
  • Bordetella pertussis
  • Borrelia spp
  • Brucella spp
  • Burkholderia mallei
  • Burkholderia pseudomallei
  • Campylobacter spp
  • Carbapenemase-producing Gram-negative bacteria
  • Chikungunya virus
  • Chlamydophila psittaci
  • Clostridium botulinum
  • Clostridium perfringens
  • Clostridium tetani
  • Corynebacterium diphtheriae
  • Corynebacterium ulcerans
  • Coxiella burnetii
  • Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus
  • Cryptosporidium spp
  • Dengue virus
  • Ebola virus
  • Entamoeba histolytica
  • Escherichia coli O 157
  • Francisella tularensis
  • Giardia spp
  • Guanarito virus
  • Haemophilus influenzae (invasive)
  • Hanta virus
  • hepatitis A
  • hepatitis B
  • hepatitis C
  • hepatitis D
  • hepatitis E
  • influenza virus
  • Junin virus
  • Kyasanur Forest disease virus
  • Lassa virus
  • Legionella spp
  • Leptospira interrogans
  • Listeria monocytogenes
  • Machupo virus
  • Marburg virus
  • measles virus
  • mpox virus
  • mumps virus
  • Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex
  • Neisseria meningitidis
  • Omsk haemorrhagic fever virus
  • Plasmodium falciparum
  • Plasmodium Knowlesi
  • Plasmodium Malariae
  • Plasmodium Ovale
  • Plasmodium Vivax
  • polio virus
  • Rabies virus
  • Rickettsia spp
  • Rift Valley fever virus
  • Rubella virus
  • Sabia virus
  • Salmonella spp
  • SARS coronavirus
  • Shigella spp
  • Streptococcus group A (invasive)
  • Streptococcus pneumoniae (invasive)
  • Varicella zoster virus
  • Variola virus
  • Vibrio cholerae
  • West Nile virus
  • Yellow fever virus
  • Yersinia pestis

Statutory Notifications of causative agents, grouped by root organism

Totals for the current week compared to the previous 5.

Week notification received 2025/03 2025/04 2025/05 2025/06 2025/07 2025/08
Arboviruses            
West Nile Virus - - - - - 1
Bacillus            
Bacillus cereus 12 13 26 23 12 16
Bordetella            
Bordetella pertussis 18 11 14 10 11 8
Borrelia            
Borrelia burgdorferi 25 22 18 19 14 23
Borrelia sp 4 4 7 5 3 4
Brucella            
Brucella sp 2 3 - 2 - -
Campylobacter            
Campylobacter coli 31 29 27 28 27 17
Campylobacter concisus - - - - 1 -
Campylobacter jejuni 322 267 292 266 334 198
Campylobacter lari 1 - - - - -
Campylobacter other named 3 2 3 3 1 2
Campylobacter sp 934 949 938 1,042 1,034 778
Campylobacter upsaliensis - - 1 1 1 -
Campylobacter ureolyticus (bacteroides corrodens) 2 1 1 1 - -
Chikungunya virus            
Chikungunya virus 2 - 1 - 1 1
Clostridium            
Clostridium perfringens 42 26 46 29 39 34
Clostridium tetani - 1 - - - -
Coronavirus            
Coronavirus 201 215 265 253 273 195
Human coronavirus hku1 4 3 7 - 1 -
Human coronavirus nl63 - 1 - - - -
Human coronavirus oc43 2 - - 1 - -
SARS-CoV-2 antibody indeterminate 1 2 1 - 2 1
SARS-CoV-2 antibody void 24 40 34 26 40 4
SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus (COVID-19) 837 780 886 818 853 716
SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus (COVID-19) indeterminate 42 65 44 67 36 32
SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody negative 20 9 22 35 20 25
SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody positive 77 38 58 119 87 67
SARS-CoV-2 total antibody negative 4 7 4 - 6 12
SARS-CoV-2 total antibody positive 33 38 39 20 25 10
Corynebacterium            
Corynebacterium diphtheriae 5 3 7 1 1 3
Corynebacterium ulcerans 2 - - 1 - -
Coxiella            
Coxiella burnetii - - 1 - - -
Cryptosporidium            
Cryptosporidium cuniculus - - 1 - - -
Cryptosporidium hominis 3 3 3 12 8 1
Cryptosporidium parvum 18 27 23 17 19 9
Cryptosporidium sp 22 21 23 17 26 18
Cryptosporidium ubiquitum 1 2 - - - -
Entamoeba            
Entamoeba histolytica - 1 3 - 5 3
Escherichia            
Escherichia coli O 157 8 8 10 4 4 5
Flaviviruses            
Dengue virus 4 5 4 1 1 5
Giardia            
Giardia sp 115 99 136 121 125 80
Haemophilus            
Haemophilus influenzae 72 92 87 73 71 61
Hepatitis viruses            
Hepatitis A 29 15 24 20 34 15
Hepatitis B 282 306 337 281 301 223
Hepatitis C 238 246 287 298 315 225
Hepatitis D 7 11 6 7 7 4
Hepatitis E 28 38 22 42 37 25
Influenza virus            
Influenza A 6,795 5,240 4,111 2,984 2,433 1,675
Influenza B 1,138 1,604 1,858 2,125 2,226 1,678
Influenza indeterminate 3 2 4 6 10 1
Influenza ungrouped 180 146 124 121 85 56
Legionella            
Legionella pneumophila 6 5 4 9 9 1
Legionella sp 1 3 - 5 3 -
Leptospira            
Leptospira interrogans 1 - 1 1 - -
Listeria            
Listeria monocytogenes 4 4 2 5 4 4
Mycobacterium            
Mycobacterium tuberculosis 70 91 79 87 87 60
Neisseria            
Neisseria meningitidis 33 34 39 45 31 32
Orthopoxvirus            
Mpox virus positive 3 4 7 8 2 4
Paramyxoviruses            
Measles virus 26 20 18 18 6 13
Mumps virus 5 7 5 5 5 7
Plasmodium            
Plasmodium falciparum 1 - - - 16 -
Plasmodium ovale - - - - 2 -
Plasmodium vivax - - - - 2 -
Polyomavirus            
Polyomavirus BK 80 60 59 57 52 40
Polyomavirus JC 16 8 10 7 11 9
Polyomavirus untyped 25 14 17 17 10 17
Rickettsia            
Rickettsia sp - - - - 1 -
Rickettsia tsutsugamushi - - - - - 1
Rubella virus            
Rubella virus 4 - 1 2 5 2
Salmonella            
Other salmonellas 54 55 61 51 34 20
Salmonella chester - 7 - - - -
Salmonella enteritidis 33 23 23 25 12 6
Salmonella infantis - - - 5 - -
Salmonella newport 8 - 5 - - -
Salmonella sp 15 19 16 32 73 47
Salmonella stanley - - - 5 - -
Salmonella typhi and paratyphi 8 19 8 15 11 7
Salmonella typhimurium 30 26 22 13 5 8
Salmonella virchow 6 - - - - -
Shigella            
Shigella boydii 2 2 - 1 1 -
Shigella flexneri 17 20 13 12 15 6
Shigella sonnei 31 36 25 18 12 9
Shigella sp 68 48 43 52 62 31
Streptococcus            
Streptococcus group A 80 63 74 76 52 56
Streptococcus pneumoniae 146 162 153 163 144 112
Vibrio            
Vibrio cholerae 1 1 2 3 - 1

Carbapenemase-producing Enterobacterales (CPE)

For all Carbapenemase-producing Gram-negative organisms, the reports are de-duplicated by first mention of organism species and resistance mechanism by person in a rolling 52-week period.

Note: the numbers presented here do not include specimens that have been referred to the AMRHAI Reference Unit.

Week notification received 2025/03 2025/04 2025/05 2025/06 2025/07 2025/08
Citrobacter              
Citrobacter spp KPC 1 1 1 2 - -
  NDM 1 - 1 - - -
  OXA48 5 2 1 2 - -
  Other - 1 - - - -
Enterobacter              
Enterobacter cloacae complex IMP - 2 3 1 1 -
  KPC 5 5 7 5 1 -
  NDM 11 14 8 2 3 -
  OXA48 7 8 3 3 2 -
  VIM - - - 1 - -
  Other 1 1 - 1 - -
Enterobacter other named IMP 1 - - - - -
  KPC - 2 1 - - -
Other enterobacter spp IMP 2 - - - - -
  NDM - 2 - 1 - -
  OXA48 - - - 2 - -
Escherichia              
Escherichia coli IMP - 1 - 1 2 -
  KPC 1 2 1 1 1 -
  NDM 13 9 10 15 14 1
  OXA48 25 21 24 14 19 1
  Other 3 1 2 1 1 -
Escherichia hermannii OXA48 - - - - 1 -
Klebsiella              
Klebsiella aerogenes OXA48 - - - 2 - -
Klebsiella oxytoca IMP - 1 1 - 1 -
  KPC 3 2 - 1 1 -
  NDM 1 1 - 1 1 -
  OXA48 2 - 1 1 1 -
Klebsiella pneumoniae IMP 1 3 1 2 2 1
  KPC 8 6 7 7 8 1
  NDM 12 6 8 7 6 1
  OXA48 11 19 10 7 13 2
  VIM - - 1 1 - -
  Other 1 2 1 - 1 -
Klebsiella variicola KPC 1 - - - - -
Other klebsiella spp NDM 1 - - - - -
  OXA48 1 - - - 1 -
Kluyvera              
Kluyvera spp OXA48 - - - 1 - -
Leclercia              
Leclercia spp NDM 1 - - - - -
Morganella              
Morganella morganii OXA48 - - 2 - - -
  Other - - 1 - - -
Proteus              
Proteus mirabilis NDM 2 - 6 3 1 -
  OXA48 1 - - - - -
  Other - 1 1 2 2 -
Serratia              
Serratia marcescens/ureilytica OXA48 - - 1 - - -

Other carbapenemase-producing Gram-negative organisms

For all Carbapenemase-producing Gram-negative organisms, the reports are de-duplicated by first mention of organism species and resistance mechanism by person in a rolling 52-week period.

Note: the numbers presented here do not include specimens that have been referred to the AMRHAI Reference Unit.

Week notification received 2025/03 2025/04 2025/05 2025/06 2025/07 2025/08
Acinetobacter              
Acinetobacter baumannii NDM 1 - - - - -
Acinetobacter pittii NDM - - 1 - - -
Pseudomonas              
Pseudomonas aeruginosa IMP - 1 - - - -
  NDM 1 2 2 - - -
  VIM 1 - - - - -
  Other 1 2 1 - 1 -
Pseudomonas nitroreducens VIM - - 1 - - -
Other pseudomonas spp NDM - - 1 - - -
Other              
  NDM - - - - - 1
  OXA48 - - 1 - - -