Research and analysis

NOIDs causative agents: week 9 (week ending 2 March 2025)

Updated 10 March 2025

Laboratories in England have a statutory duty to notify the UK Health Security Agency of the identification of the following causative agents:

  • Bacillus anthracis
  • Bacillus cereus
  • Bordetella pertussis
  • Borrelia spp
  • Brucella spp
  • Burkholderia mallei
  • Burkholderia pseudomallei
  • Campylobacter spp
  • Carbapenemase-producing Gram-negative bacteria
  • Chikungunya virus
  • Chlamydophila psittaci
  • Clostridium botulinum
  • Clostridium perfringens
  • Clostridium tetani
  • Corynebacterium diphtheriae
  • Corynebacterium ulcerans
  • Coxiella burnetii
  • Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus
  • Cryptosporidium spp
  • Dengue virus
  • Ebola virus
  • Entamoeba histolytica
  • Escherichia coli O 157
  • Francisella tularensis
  • Giardia spp
  • Guanarito virus
  • Haemophilus influenzae (invasive)
  • Hanta virus
  • hepatitis A
  • hepatitis B
  • hepatitis C
  • hepatitis D
  • hepatitis E
  • influenza virus
  • Junin virus
  • Kyasanur Forest disease virus
  • Lassa virus
  • Legionella spp
  • Leptospira interrogans
  • Listeria monocytogenes
  • Machupo virus
  • Marburg virus
  • measles virus
  • mpox virus
  • mumps virus
  • Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex
  • Neisseria meningitidis
  • Omsk haemorrhagic fever virus
  • Plasmodium falciparum
  • Plasmodium Knowlesi
  • Plasmodium Malariae
  • Plasmodium Ovale
  • Plasmodium Vivax
  • polio virus
  • Rabies virus
  • Rickettsia spp
  • Rift Valley fever virus
  • Rubella virus
  • Sabia virus
  • Salmonella spp
  • SARS coronavirus
  • Shigella spp
  • Streptococcus group A (invasive)
  • Streptococcus pneumoniae (invasive)
  • Varicella zoster virus
  • Variola virus
  • Vibrio cholerae
  • West Nile virus
  • Yellow fever virus
  • Yersinia pestis

Statutory Notifications of causative agents, grouped by root organism

Totals for the current week compared to the previous 5.

Week notification received 2025/04 2025/05 2025/06 2025/07 2025/08 2025/09
Arboviruses            
West Nile Virus - - - - 1 1
Bacillus            
Bacillus cereus 13 26 23 12 18 14
Bordetella            
Bordetella pertussis 11 14 10 11 12 6
Borrelia            
Borrelia burgdorferi 22 18 19 14 28 19
Borrelia sp 4 7 5 3 3 7
Brucella            
Brucella sp 3 - 2 - - 4
Campylobacter            
Campylobacter coli 29 27 28 27 32 19
Campylobacter concisus - - - 1 - -
Campylobacter fetus - - - - - 1
Campylobacter jejuni 268 293 266 335 299 242
Campylobacter other named 2 3 3 1 2 3
Campylobacter rectus - - - - - 1
Campylobacter sp 949 937 1,042 1,033 929 1,033
Campylobacter upsaliensis - 1 1 1 1 4
Campylobacter ureolyticus (bacteroides corrodens) 1 1 1 - - -
Chikungunya virus            
Chikungunya virus - 1 - 1 1 2
Clostridium            
Clostridium perfringens 26 46 29 39 42 30
Clostridium tetani 1 - - - - -
Coronavirus            
Coronavirus 215 265 253 273 236 235
Human coronavirus 229e - - - - - 1
Human coronavirus hku1 3 7 - 1 2 1
Human coronavirus nl63 1 - - - - -
Human coronavirus oc43 - - 1 - - -
SARS-CoV-2 antibody indeterminate 2 1 - 2 2 -
SARS-CoV-2 antibody void 40 34 26 40 12 14
SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus (COVID-19) 796 886 815 852 928 889
SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus (COVID-19) indeterminate 65 44 67 36 48 41
SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody negative 9 22 35 20 27 7
SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody positive 38 58 119 87 83 31
SARS-CoV-2 total antibody negative 7 4 - 6 12 8
SARS-CoV-2 total antibody positive 38 39 20 25 13 8
Corynebacterium            
Corynebacterium diphtheriae 3 7 1 1 3 3
Corynebacterium ulcerans - - 1 - - 1
Coxiella            
Coxiella burnetii - 1 - - - -
Cryptosporidium            
Cryptosporidium cuniculus - 1 - - - -
Cryptosporidium hominis 3 3 12 9 4 3
Cryptosporidium parvum 25 23 17 19 16 10
Cryptosporidium sp 22 23 17 25 19 37
Cryptosporidium ubiquitum 2 - - - - -
Entamoeba            
Entamoeba histolytica 1 3 - 5 3 2
Escherichia            
Escherichia coli O 157 8 10 4 4 6 5
Flaviviruses            
Dengue virus 5 4 1 1 5 4
Giardia            
Giardia sp 99 136 121 125 104 95
Haemophilus            
Haemophilus influenzae 92 87 73 72 76 77
Hepatitis viruses            
Hepatitis A 15 24 20 34 18 17
Hepatitis B 307 337 281 304 296 246
Hepatitis C 246 287 298 315 286 199
Hepatitis D 11 6 7 7 9 3
Hepatitis E 38 22 42 37 34 42
Influenza virus            
Influenza A 5,240 4,111 2,984 2,434 2,208 1,754
Influenza B 1,604 1,858 2,125 2,226 2,191 1,996
Influenza indeterminate 2 4 6 10 1 -
Influenza ungrouped 146 124 121 85 75 75
Legionella            
Legionella pneumophila 5 4 9 9 1 7
Legionella sp 3 - 5 3 - 1
Leptospira            
Leptospira interrogans - 1 1 - - -
Listeria            
Listeria monocytogenes 4 2 5 4 5 2
Mycobacterium            
Mycobacterium tuberculosis 91 79 89 99 74 85
Neisseria            
Neisseria meningitidis 34 39 45 31 33 28
Orthopoxvirus            
Mpox virus positive 4 7 8 2 4 4
Paramyxoviruses            
Measles virus 20 18 18 6 15 20
Mumps virus 7 5 5 5 12 9
Plasmodium            
Plasmodium falciparum - - - 16 - 1
Plasmodium ovale - - - 2 - -
Plasmodium vivax - - - 2 - -
Polyomavirus            
Polyomavirus BK 60 59 57 52 43 60
Polyomavirus JC 8 10 7 11 9 6
Polyomavirus untyped 14 17 17 10 17 11
Rickettsia            
Rickettsia sp - - - 1 - -
Rickettsia tsutsugamushi - - - - 1 -
Rubella virus            
Rubella virus - 1 2 5 2 4
Salmonella            
Other salmonellas 56 61 52 59 39 14
Salmonella chester 7 - - - - -
Salmonella enteritidis 23 23 26 18 14 8
Salmonella infantis - - 5 - - -
Salmonella java - - - 5 6 -
Salmonella newport - 5 - - - -
Salmonella sp 18 16 28 25 25 102
Salmonella stanley - - 5 - - -
Salmonella typhi and paratyphi 19 8 15 12 13 12
Salmonella typhimurium 26 22 15 16 11 16
Shigella            
Shigella boydii 2 - 1 1 - -
Shigella dysenteriae - - - 1 - -
Shigella flexneri 20 13 13 20 10 13
Shigella sonnei 36 25 18 15 15 8
Shigella sp 48 43 51 53 36 63
Streptococcus            
Streptococcus group A 63 74 76 53 73 58
Streptococcus pneumoniae 162 153 165 145 149 172
Vibrio            
Vibrio cholerae 1 2 3 - 2 -

Carbapenemase-producing Enterobacterales (CPE)

For all Carbapenemase-producing Gram-negative organisms, the reports are de-duplicated by first mention of organism species and resistance mechanism by person in a rolling 52-week period.

Note: the numbers presented here do not include specimens that have been referred to the AMRHAI Reference Unit.

Week notification received 2025/04 2025/05 2025/06 2025/07 2025/08 2025/09
Citrobacter              
Citrobacter spp KPC 1 1 2 - 1 -
  NDM - 1 - - 1 -
  OXA48 2 2 2 - - 1
  Other 1 - - - 1 -
Enterobacter              
Enterobacter cloacae complex IMP 6 3 1 1 1 -
  KPC 5 7 5 1 - 1
  NDM 14 8 4 5 1 3
  OXA48 8 3 3 2 2 -
  VIM - - 1 - - -
  Other 1 - 1 - 1 -
Enterobacter other named KPC 2 1 - - - -
Other enterobacter spp NDM 2 - 1 - - -
  OXA48 1 - 2 - - -
Escherichia              
Escherichia coli IMP 1 - 1 2 - -
  KPC 2 1 1 1 1 -
  NDM 9 11 18 14 10 2
  OXA48 21 25 14 20 18 4
  Other 1 2 1 2 2 1
Escherichia hermannii OXA48 - - - 1 - -
Klebsiella              
Klebsiella aerogenes OXA48 - - 2 - - 1
Klebsiella oxytoca IMP 1 1 - 1 - -
  KPC 2 - 1 1 - -
  NDM 1 - 1 1 2 -
  OXA48 - 1 1 1 1 -
Klebsiella pneumoniae IMP 3 1 2 2 1 -
  KPC 6 7 7 8 7 1
  NDM 6 8 9 7 8 2
  OXA48 19 10 9 14 12 4
  VIM - 1 1 - - -
  Other 2 1 1 3 1 1
Klebsiella variicola OXA48 - - - - 1 -
Other klebsiella spp OXA48 - - - 1 - -
Kluyvera              
Kluyvera spp OXA48 - - 1 - - -
Morganella              
Morganella morganii OXA48 - 2 - - - -
  Other - 1 - - - -
Proteus              
Proteus mirabilis NDM - 6 3 1 2 -
  OXA48 - - - - 1 -
  Other 1 1 2 2 1 -
Raoultella              
Raoultella ornithinolytica OXA48 - - - - - 1
Serratia              
Serratia marcescens/ureilytica OXA48 - 1 - - - -

Other carbapenemase-producing Gram-negative organisms

For all Carbapenemase-producing Gram-negative organisms, the reports are de-duplicated by first mention of organism species and resistance mechanism by person in a rolling 52-week period.

Note: the numbers presented here do not include specimens that have been referred to the AMRHAI Reference Unit.

Week notification received 2025/04 2025/05 2025/06 2025/07 2025/08 2025/09
Acinetobacter              
Acinetobacter baumannii NDM - - - - 2 -
Acinetobacter pittii NDM - 1 - - - -
Other acinetobacter spp NDM - - - - 1 -
Pseudomonas              
Pseudomonas aeruginosa IMP 1 - - - - -
  NDM 2 2 - - 2 -
  Other 2 1 - 1 2 -
Pseudomonas nitroreducens VIM - 1 - - - -
Pseudomonas stutzeri group NDM - - - - 1 -
Other pseudomonas spp NDM - 1 - - - -
Other              
  NDM - - - - 1 -
  OXA48 - 1 - - 1 -