Research and analysis

Use of Intellectual Property rights across UK industries 2017 to 2019

Updated 9 June 2022

Executive summary

This paper identifies the UK industries that make the greatest use of intellectual property rights, with patents, trade marks, registered designs and copyright being considered. It assesses the contribution these industries make to the UK economy, in terms of employment, output and exported goods. The analysis in this paper covers the years 2017-2019.

The approach builds on the methodology used by previous studies from the European Union Intellectual Property Office (EUIPO) and the European Patent Office (EPO) ^{[footnote 1]}, and by the United States Patent and Trade mark Office (USPTO) ^{[footnote 2]}. Both papers categorise industries as intellectual property (hereafter, IP) intensive if the IP use per 1,000 employees is above the industry average.

Applying the above methodology to registered IP rights (patents, trade marks and registered designs) granted to UK companies only and identifying a smaller subset of industries with noticeably high IP use, allows for an enhanced understanding of IP use within UK industries for domestic policy making. The economic contribution of sectors associated with copyright, an unregistered IP right, has also been included and follows a methodology established by EUIPO/EPO.

Between 2017 and 2019, industries with an above average use in any of the three registered IP rights (i.e. excluding copyright ^{[footnote 3]}) accounted for 33.2% (£414.7 billion, an increase of £166.2 billion compared to 2014-2016) of UK non-financial value-added output, ^{[footnote 4]} 19.2% (5.8 million, an increase of 1.3 million) of total UK employment and 58.2% (£16.4 billion, a 6.1% increase) of total goods export value (Table 1).

Industries with a high ^{[footnote 5]} use of IP rights ^{[footnote 6]} accounted for 14.9% (£185.5 billion, an increase of £19.0 billion compared to 2014-2016) of non-financial value-added output in 2017-2019, 7.5% (2.3 million, an increase of 0.8 million) of total UK employment and 16.2% (£4.6 billion, a 4.1% increase) of total goods export value (Table 1).

Table 1: Summary of registered IP rights and their economic contribution in £ billion and as a percentage of all 616 industries

	Patents	Trade Marks	Designs	Copyright
Number and percentage of UK industries with at least one IP right [footnote 7]	339 55.0%	590 95.8%	370 60.1%	- -
Number and percentage of UK industries classified ‘above average’ use of IP	61 9.9%	123 20.0%	50 8.1%	83 [footnote 8] 13.5%
Number and percentage of UK industries classified ‘high’ use of IP	13 2.1%	34 5.5%	15 2.4%	49 [footnote 9] 8.0%
UK non-financial value-added output by ‘above average’ (£billion) [footnote 10]	101.9 8.2%	174.6 14.0%	70.4 5.6%	2313.6 18.7%
Total UK employment by ‘above average’ (000s) [footnote 11]	1,416 4.7%	2,473 8.2%	1,096 3.6%	3,100 10.3%
Total goods export value by ‘above average’ (£billion) [footnote 12]	12.7 45.1%	6.47 22.9%	2.22 7.9%	2.80 9.9%

In the time period of study, 35.4% of UK industries (218 out of 616 UK industries ^{[footnote 13]}) were found to have above average IP usage in any of the four IP rights considered with 15.1% of UK industries (93) having high IP usage. With respect to registered IP rights only (i.e. excluding copyright) 27.1% of UK industries (167) were found to be intensive, and 8% (19) were found to be highly intensive.

Two industries were found to have high IP use by UK companies in all three registered IP rights, both being in the manufacturing sector. A further nine are intensive across at least two of the registered IP rights, as shown in Table 2.

Table 2: Industries classified as having high IP use across multiple registered IP rights (IP per 1,000 employees)

Standard Industrial Classification (SIC)	Description	Patent high	Trade mark high	Design high
3099	Manufacture of other transport equipment not elsewhere classified (n.e.c.)	x	x	x
3299	Other manufacturing n.e.c. [footnote 14]	x	x	x
1200	Manufacture of tobacco products	-	x	x
1395	Manufacture of non-wovens and articles made from non-wovens, except apparel	x	x	-
1411	Manufacture of leather clothes	-	x	x
1414	Manufacture of under wear	-	x	x
1419	Manufacture of other wearing apparel and accessories	-	x	x
2110	Manufacture of basic pharmaceutical products	x	x	-
2344	Manufacture of other technical ceramic products	x	-	x
4799	Other retail sale not in stores, stalls or markets	-	x	x
6420	Activities of holding companies [footnote 15]	x	x	-

No industries were found to be highly intensive across all four IP rights considered, but two industries ^{[footnote 16]} were found to be at least above average in IP intensity in all four IP rights ^{[footnote 17]}.

Some IP management may be dealt with by industries relating to ‘head office’ type activities rather than the actual industry that a company primarily operates in. An example of this is 6420: Activities of holding companies ^{[footnote 18]}. We have not redistributed these entries to the head offices’ subsidiaries as we cannot be sure of the company structure and lack of data.

Industry contributions towards output, employment and exports listed by IP right should not be added, since some have above average use in more than one IP right.

Across the 616 UK industries, trade marks were the most widely used IP right, occurring across over 95% of industries and having the highest number of industries with above average IP use. Compared to patents, registered designs were used more widely and were found to have higher number of industries with above average use. Consistent with the findings for industries with high IP use across all three registered IP rights, the manufacturing sector accounted for the majority of high or above average IP use industries in each of the IP rights.

1. Introduction

Intellectual property (IP) is an important part of the innovation ecosystem, playing a vital role in enabling innovators to realise the returns from their research and development. This paper follows on from previous IPO analysis which identified the UK industries make relatively the greatest use of patents, trade marks, registered designs and copyright, and the contribution these industries make to the UK economy, in terms of employment, output, and exported goods between 2014 and 2016 ^{[footnote 19]}.

This paper uses the same methodology from the previous analysis ^{[footnote 19]} which was built from methods used in previous international studies of IP use across industries: one conducted jointly by the European Union Intellectual Property Office (EUIPO) and the European Patent Office (EPO) ^{[footnote 1]}, and another by the United States Patent and Trade mark Office (USPTO) ^{[footnote 2]}.

The IPO have adopted and adapted this methodology and applied it to IP rights granted to UK companies. By identifying above average IP use industries in the UK, we obtain the distribution of registered IP rights and identify industries of interest from an IP perspective. These yield different results to similar studies with a broader geographic basis, but this allows for an enhanced understanding of IP use for domestic policy making. Building on the EUIPO/EPO methodology, the IPO have identified a smaller subset of industries with noticeably higher registered IP use.

This report is focused on UK national economic measures and registered IP rights held by UK companies. As with the EUIPO/EPO study, this results in the analysis being affected by cross-border ownership and use of IP. For example, a UK company may be the owner of an IP right but base its manufacturing in a different country. The employment resulting from this manufacturing will not be captured in UK employment statistics and therefore is not considered when calculating industry IP use per 1,000 employees. Similarly, the IP owned by foreign companies with a workforce in the UK is not captured in the analysis.

The analysis in this paper covers the time period between 2017-2019 due to it being the most recent time period prior to the Covid-19 pandemic, and uses IP data from the same time period in order to attribute the registered IP rights on a company level and where possible compares the change in the use of IP rights in UK industries.

The economic contributions made by copyright intensive industries to the UK economy are again included in this report. As before, since copyright is an unregistered IP right, a detailed analysis of the distribution and usage of copyright across UK industries is not possible in the same way as the three registered IP rights examined in this report.

2. IPO methodology

This section sets out the methodology used, data limitations to be aware of and guidance on how to interpret the results.

As mentioned in the introduction, the EPO, in collaboration with the EUIPO, have produced papers on IP intensive industries ^{[footnote 1]}, ^{[footnote 20]}, as has the USPTO ^{[footnote 2]}. While there are some differences in methodology between the papers, they are largely similar. Both papers define an industry as ‘intensive’ if its IP use per 1,000 employees is above the average across all industries. The papers consider industry use of patents, trade marks and, in terms of the contribution it makes to the UK economy only, copyright. The EUIPO/EPO additionally incorporates registered designs, plant variety rights and geographical indicators in their analysis.

The EUIPO/EPO paper uses IP and economic data from across the EU, and as such incorporates IP use in the UK and UK industry data in its analysis. However, it identifies industries at the EU level and assumes that if an industry is IP intensive in one member state, it is also IP intensive in every other member state including the UK. This aggregation of EU-wide IP filings neglects differences between national economies meaning features specific to the UK economy might be masked by data from other countries. IPO have built on the EUIPO/EPO methodology and applied it to IP rights granted and registered to UK companies. This approach has increased the accuracy in identifying which UK industries make relatively the greatest use of patents, trade marks and registered designs.

Given the dispersion of IP intensive industries in the UK identified, the IPO has introduced an additional ‘cut-off’ point to try to examine the industries appearing in the steepest part of the distribution that we consider having ‘high’ IP usage.

2.1 Data coverage

Patents, trade marks and registered designs which provide protection that were granted between 2017 and 2019 in the UK have been considered in this paper. We have included:

• GB patents granted by the IPO.
• EP(UK) patents from the EPO ^{[footnote 21]} .
• UK trade mark classes registered by the IPO ^{[footnote 22]}.
• European trade mark classes registered by the EUIPO ^{[footnote 23]}.
• UK registered designs issued by the IPO.
• Registered Community designs issued by the EUIPO ^{[footnote 24]}.

The applicants for these IP rights have been matched to UK company data taken from the Bureau van Dijk Orbis database ^{[footnote 25]}, an extract of which was taken in 2019 for this analysis and matched in April 2022 with IP data.

2.2 Data matching

Identifying industry use of IP requires a link to be made between IP applications and industries. Industry classification information was obtained by matching IP rights to UK company data in the Orbis ^{[footnote 25]} database. Applicant names and addresses provided in IP filings have been matched against company names and addresses in the Orbis database. Obtaining this link allows identification of an IP applicant’s primary Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) code ^{[footnote 26]} (their main business activity).

Not all IP applicants could be matched to company data in Orbis and there are various reasons why. This exercise focused on UK companies and matching was only attempted for IP applicants with UK addresses. Orbis does not provide information on private individuals or unincorporated businesses so where the named applicant is not a company, industries are not identified. Some matched companies have no associated industry information in Orbis so cannot be included in the analysis. Furthermore, changes in business name/address and IP applications using inconsistent names can also complicate the matching process. To ensure the best possible match rate all names and addresses were cleaned consistently across the IP and Orbis datasets and a stage of manual matching took place to ensure companies with high IP counts were successfully matched. Table 3 shows a summary of the match rates for each IP right.

Table 3: Summary of IP data matching to SIC codes

	Patents	Trade marks (class count)	Registered designs
UK applicants	27,414	533,559	69,408
Matched to firm data with valid SIC	18,682	411,442	50,872
% match	68.1%	77.1%	73.3%

It should be noted that the data covering registered community designs did not include applications from individuals. As the analysis in this report relies on matching IP applications to companies (and not individuals) there is no effect on the results, however, the reported match rate for designs will be inflated consequently.

2.3 Head office redistribution

Organisational structures of large companies mean it is common practice for IP to be centrally handled for all parts of a business. This leads to IP applications being linked to non-specific industry codes.

Head office activities under the SIC classifications fall under three industries: 6420: Activities of holding companies, 7010: Activities of head offices and 8299: Other business support service activities n.e.c.

A method was applied to redistribute the IP rights of these ‘head office’ companies to reflect the industrial activity of one of their subsidiaries. Very few IP rights were successfully reallocated, so this method was not used.

2.4 Fractional allocation of IP

Each application for an IP right can have multiple applicants associated with it. IP rights have been allocated fractionally to industries. Each matched applicant for a given application is given an equal share of the IP right, e.g. If there are three applicants matched to three different SIC codes, each industry classification is assigned 1/3 of the IP ^{[footnote 27]}.

2.5 Time period

Analysis in this paper considers IP applications filed in the time period 2017-2019 and subsequently granted by end of December 2019.

2.6 Economic data

The matched dataset allowed IP rights to be aggregated by SIC classification. These IP counts by industry are then combined with national economic statistics (employment, gross value added (GVA), value of exports) which are available by SIC classification.

Export data was gathered from HMRC trade statistics ^{[footnote 28]}, in which products are assigned codes. The product codes have been matched to SIC codes at the 4-digit level through using Eurostat tables. It must be noted that the sources for export values differ between this report and the IPO’s corresponding report in September 2020, therefore the results are not comparable in value terms, although the shares are comparable. The previous report used HMRC’s sum of value of exports plus value of dispatch, whereas this update uses only value of exports.

It should be noted that this report is focused on IP rights held by UK companies and UK national economic measures. As with the EUIPO/EPO study ^{[footnote 1]}, the results in this analysis will be affected by cross-border ownership and use of IP. For example, a UK company may be the owner of an IP right but base its manufacturing in a different country. The employment and GVA resulting from this manufacturing will not be captured in UK national accounts and therefore is not considered when calculating industry IP use per 1,000 employees. Similarly, the IP owned by foreign companies with a workforce in the UK is not captured in the analysis.

Several economic variables have been used throughout this analysis. A table of sources and caveats can be found in Appendix 1.

2.7 Measuring IP intensity: IP rights per 1,000 employees

The methodology used in both EUIPO/EPO ^{[footnote 1]} and USPTO ^{[footnote 2]} studies, which we have also applied, calculates how many granted IP rights there are per 1,000 employees in each industry (i) in Equation 1 below.

Where, (a): The number of patents, trade marks or registered designs granted to the 4-digit industry in the time period explained in Section 2.5.
Granted IP rights are matched to industry by matching applications to businesses and determining their primary SIC code as reported to Companies House ^{[footnote 29]}.

(b): The number of employees for each industry is defined as the average number of employees over the time periods explained in Section 2.5 ^{[footnote 30]}.

For this measure to be calculated for an industry with granted IP rights, available employment data is required. Table 4 shows the number of industries that are excluded from the analysis due to lack of employee data available across this time period. An industry was excluded only if there was no employment data for any year between 2017 and 2019. In cases where some or all data was available, the number of employee’s was averaged between the number of years the employment data was available.

Table 4: Research limitations caused by data coverage issues

IP right	Number of industries with IP rights	Number of industries not measured by employees	Percentage of industries not included due to lack of data coverage
Patents	339	25	7.4%
Trade marks	590	57	9.7%
Registered designs	370	17	4.6%

2.8 Classification of usage

To determine how much use an industry makes of IP, we have three main classifications used in this analysis: high, medium and low. We also refer to an above average classification. The descriptions of these classifications are explained in Table 5.

Table 5: Classifications of IP usage

Classification of usage of IP	Description
Above average	The industry has an above average use of IP when all industries with that IP are considered
High	The industry has an above average use of IP out of the industries in the “Above Average” subset
Medium	The industry has a below average use of IP out of the industries in the “Above Average” subset
Low	The industry has a below average used of IP when all industries with that IP are considered
Unclassified	The industry either has no IP or is excluded due to lack of economic or employment data

The above defined classifications have been used instead of labelling industries as intensive to reflect the shape of the distribution of IP use. The density plots shown throughout this report show the distribution of IP rights per thousand employees across all UK industries that have both the IP right data and available employee data ^{[footnote 31]}, ranked from highest to lowest; solid lines show where the average value lies, and the dotted lines indicate the average of all industries in Sections high and medium. As distributions of IP intensity will change over time, it is difficult to make a direct comparison in the high intensity group between with the 2014-2016 analysis and this one, therefore in this analysis comparisons have been made by either ranking or percentiles in this classification.

Appendix 3, 4 and 5 contains a list of all industries, their classification description, the number of IP rights within each (separated out by patents, trade marks and registered designs), and IP per 1,000 employees.

3. Use of copyright across the UK industries: methodology

Copyright intensive industries have been identified using a WIPO methodology that classifies industries by the percentage of their value that can be attributed to copyright-related activities ^{[footnote 32]}. WIPO groups industries into four categories depending to the degree to which their activity depends on copyright. These are: core ^{[footnote 33]}, interdependent ^{[footnote 34]}, partial ^{[footnote 35]} and non-dedicated support ^{[footnote 36]} industries.

While the entire output of the core copyright industries’ activities can be attributed to copyright works, to capture the fact that only a portion of the industries’ activity is related to copyright, each industry has been assigned a factor intensity that represents the economic output from that industry that is related to copyright-related activity. The copyright factors assigned to each industry in the interdependent, partial and non-dedicated support classifications have been adopted directly from the EUIPO/EPO ^{[footnote 1]} paper.

All core, interdependent and partial copyright industries (with a factor intensity of over 20%) have been included in this paper. Industries identified as “core” are considered as high IP use sectors. All non-dedicated support industries have been excluded as all of them have a factor of just 6%. Table 6 lists the number of industries classified under each category ^{[footnote 37]}.

Table 6: Copyright intensive industries by WIPO grouping

IP usage	Number of industries
Number of industries classified as copyright intensive	83
Interdependent	22
Core	49
Partial	12

4. Use of registered IP rights across UK industries

Table 7 provides a summary of the number of industries that fall into each category for each registered IP right. 590 (95.77%) of 616 UK industries had a registered trade mark, the highest of the three registered IP rights, this is an increase from 586 (95.13%) in the previous study. As trade marks offer brand protection, the majority of industries contain at least one trade mark registered to a UK business. Between the periods of 2014-2016 and 2017-2019, the number of industries with at least one patent (from 360 to 339, a decrease of 5.82%) or design (from 388 to 370, a decrease of 4.64%) right has decreased.

Table 7: Summary of IP industry usage by registered IP right

IP usage	Patents	Trade marks	Designs
Number and percentage of industries with at least one registered IP right (of 616 industries)	339 55.0%	590 95.8%	370 60.1%
Number and percentage of industries classed as above average (high and medium)	61 9.9%	123 20.0%	50 8.1%
Number and percentage of industries classed as high	13 2.1%	34 5.5%	15 2.4%
Number and percentage of industries classed as medium	48 7.8%	89 14.5%	35 5.7%
Number and percentage of industries classed as low	253 41.1%	410 66.6%	303 49.2%
Number and percentage of industries classed as unclassified (no employee data)	25 4.1%	57 9.3%	17 2.8%

Figure 1 shows a compares distribution of intensity for each IP right between this analysis and the 2014-2016 analysis, while the table in Appendix 2 shows a comparison between percentiles for each intensity category. The results show that there is little change in these distributions apart from the designs distribution where the number of industries in the above average (high and medium combined) category has decreased significantly from 57 (9.25%) in 2014-16 to 35 (5.68%).

The following sections show more detailed findings for each registered IP right with distribution charts showing IP right usage across UK industries and tables summarising the high IP usage industries.

The average number of patent rights across all measured industries has decreased from 3.55 patents per 1,000 employees to 2.8, which is an average decrease of 21.1%. Figure 2 shows the distribution of patent use in UK industries. The industries that are categorised as high in patent use are listed in Table 8 with 76.9% of the industries classified with a high patent usage were in the manufacturing sector. Manufacture of other transport equipment n.e.c. industry is ranked as the highest with 70.6 patents per 1,000 employees, an increase from 55.31 in the 2014-2016 analysis. Despite the decrease in the average number of patents across all measured industries, the top four ranked industries have all increased in patent IP intensity. Activities of holding companies has increased from 61.26 to patents per 1,000 employees to 66.7, Manufacture of engines and turbines, except aircraft, vehicle and cycle engines from 48.82 patents per 1,000 employees to 57.3, and Manufacture of flat glass from 44.44 patents per 1,000 employees to 52.8.

Table 8: List of industries with high patent use per 1,000 employees

SIC	SIC description	Patents per 1,000 employees	Number of employees
3099	Manufacture of other transport equipment nec	70.6	1,033
6420	Activities of holding companies	66.7	3,267
2811	Manufacture of engines and turbines, except aircraft, vehicle and cycle engines	57.3	16,367
2311	Manufacture of flat glass	52.8	967
7211	Research and experimental development on biotechnology	35.6	11,167
3299	Other manufacturing n.e.c	34.1	20,333
2899	Manufacture of other special-purpose machinery n.e.c	32.1	9,467
2110	Manufacture of basic pharmaceutical products	26.1	6,100
2344	Manufacture of other technical ceramic products	17.6	567
1395	Manufacture of non-wovens and articles made from non-wovens, except apparel	16.7	900
2790	Manufacture of other electrical equipment	14.1	10,467
2342	Manufacture of ceramic sanitary fixtures	13.5	667
7219	Other research and experimental development on natural sciences and engineering	12.5	122,733

The average number of trade marks rights across all measured industries has decreased significantly from 37.3 patents per 1,000 employees to 18.1, which is an average decrease of 51.5%. The distribution of trade mark use across industries, shown in Figure 3, is characterised by a small number of industries that have high usage and a large number with low usage that tails off very gradually. When looking closer to the results, we noticed that many of the industries categorised as high or medium have less trade marks per 1,000 employees compared to the 2014-2016 analysis. In fact, all the industries categorised as high in the 2014-2016 analysis have seen a decrease in intensity in this analysis with the exception of Distilling, rectifying and blending of spirits which has increased from 90.55 to 133.4 (an increase of 47.3%).

The highest ranked industry is Activities of holding companies, which has 568.8 trade marks per 1,000 employees, has decreased from 840.63 (a decrease of 47.8%). Manufacture of wine from grape was the highest rank industry in our previous analysis and with 3,330 and was considered an extreme outlier at the time. This industry has now decreased 148.6 trade marks per 1,000 employees partly due to the increase in the number of employees in the industry (from 100 to 733).

Table 9: Industries with high trade mark use per 1,000 employees

SIC	SIC description	TMs per 1,000 employees	Number of employees
6420	Activities of holding companies	568.8	3,267
1200	Manufacture of tobacco products	385.7	233
9900	Activities of extraterritorial organisation and bodies	289.4	567
3299	Other manufacturing n.e.c.	211.9	20,333
1102	Manufacture of wine from grape	148.6	733
4619	Agents involved in the sale of a variety of goods	141.3	4,500
1101	Distilling, rectifying and blending of spirits	133.4	10,500
1419	Manufacture of other wearing apparel and accessories	132.2	4,833
2110	Manufacture of basic pharmaceutical products	129.7	6,100
3240	Manufacture of games and toys	120.2	4,467
1411	Manufacture of leather clothes	120.0	200
5030	Inland passenger water transport	118.7	1,533
2652	Manufacture of watches and clocks	117.7	433
2640	Manufacture of consumer electronics	114.7	4,367
4675	Wholesale of chemical products	112.2	18,233
4799	Other retail sale not in stores, stalls or markets	111.8	22,567
5821	Publishing of computer games	110.8	2,167
2060	Manufacture of man-made fibres	105.0	467
7740	Leasing of intellectual property and similar products, except copyrighted works	104.6	3,700
4782	Retail sale via stalls and markets of textiles, clothing and footwear	101.8	933
4617	Agents involved in the sale of food, beverages and tobacco	95.2	4,767
6399	Other information service activities n.e.c.	87.0	12,633
3099	Manufacture of other transport equipment n.e.c.	84.2	1,033
1395	Manufacture of non-wovens and articles made from non-wovens, except apparel	80.0	900
5829	Other software publishing	79.0	12,467
1399	Manufacture of other textiles n.e.c.	77.2	2,267
1414	Manufacture of underwear	77.1	4,500
4637	Wholesale of coffee, tea, cocoa and spices	77.1	4,500
4616	Agents involved in the sale of textiles, clothing, fur, footwear and leather goods	74.0	6,433
5812	Publishing of directories and mailing lists	72.6	1,033
1105	Manufacture of beer	72.5	16,733
3280	Manufacture of sports goods	69.2	5,633
5920	Sound recording and music publishing activities	65.0	9,433
1086	Manufacture of homogenised food preparations and dietetic food	61.1	933

The average number of design rights across all measured industries has increased from 5.96 designs per 1,000 employees to 8.1, which is an average increase of 35.9%. At first glance, the distribution of registered design use in UK industries shown in Figure 4 is consistent with the other plots for patents and trade marks, with the distribution showing a small number of industries with a disproportionately high use of registered designs, and a large number with medium to low use. However, compared to the 2014-2016 analysis, the number of designs per 1,000 employees in the high intensity group had increased substantially. Table 10 lists the 15 industries that are classified as having high registered design use; nine of these are classified as manufacturing industries. Overall, the mean number of registered designs per 1,000 employees has increased from 62.66 in 2014-2016 to 113.8 in 2017-2019. This significant increase in registered designs in several industries explains the significant difference in distributions shown in Figure 1. Manufacture of cutlery remains the highest rank industry for design rights with 332.7 design per 1,000 employees, a decrease from 365 in 2014-2016. As with both patents and trade marks, the manufacturing sector account for the majority of IP usage.

Table 10: List of industries with high designs use per 1,000 employees

SIC	SIC classification	Registered designs per 1,000 employees	Number of employees
2571	Manufacture of cutlery	332.7	367
1411	Manufacture of leather clothes	175.0	200
2344	Manufacture of other technical ceramic products	160.6	567
4789	Retail sale via stalls and markets of other goods	160.4	3,067
4799	Other retail sale not in stores, stalls or markets	108.8	22,567
7410	Specialised design activities	104.4	57,833
3299	Other manufacturing n.e.c.	94.8	20,333
3212	Manufacture of jewellery and related articles	90.2	5,133
1414	Manufacture of underwear	82.9	700
3099	Manufacture of other transport equipment n.e.c.	78.4	1,033
1724	Manufacture of wallpaper	77.6	967
1419	Manufacture of other wearing apparel and accessories	71.8	4,833
1512	Manufacture of luggage, handbags and the like, saddlery and harness	61.6	3,733
1200	Manufacture of tobacco products	55.7	233
2443	Lead, zinc and tin production	51.6	833

5. IP intensive industries and the economy

The analysis below outlines the contribution that industries with high or above average (as shown in Figure 5) registered IP use, or those classified as copyright intensive ^{[footnote 38]}, make to the UK economy in terms of non-financial GVA ^{[footnote 39]}, employment and exports. It is based on IP rights held by UK companies and the economic contributions are calculated from UK national accounts. As with the EUIPO/EPO study, this results in the analysis being affected by cross-border ownership and use of IP although, as noted before, the EUIPO/EPO did not explore the pattern of IP right usage within individual countries but instead calculated for each country the share of gross domestic product (GDP) and employment of industries found to be IP intensive at the EU level. For example, a UK company may be the owner of an IP right but base its manufacturing in a different country. The employment and GVA which result from this manufacturing will not be captured in UK national accounts and therefore won’t form part of the contributions associated with the company/industry’s use of IP.

5.1 Employment

19.2% (5.8 million) of total UK employment is attributable to industries with an above average IP use, an increase from 4.5 million (3.7% increase) from 2014-2016. It is difficult to read too much into this proportion as IP intensive industries vary greatly in size, from 100 employees to 405,000 employees. Between the two time periods the total UK employment has increase by approximately 1.1 million ^{[footnote 40]}. 7.5% (2.3 million) of the total UK employment is attributable to industries with high use which is an increase of 0.8 million (2.4%). Table 11 compares the total UK employment for each IP right compared to the 2014-2016 analysis and shows that the employment has either stayed approximately the same or increased for every right, both in the above average and high category industries.

Figure 6 shows the proportion of UK employment attributable to those industries with a high or above average (high or medium) use of IP. ^{[footnote 41]}

Table 11: Share of employee’s comparison between 2014-2016 and 2017-2019 ^{[footnote 41]}

Share of employees from industries with above average IP use		Above Average			High
	2014-2016	2017-2019	Change	2014-2016	2017-2019	Change
Patents	3.90%	4.70%	0.80%	0.70%	0.70%	0.00%
	1.1 million	1.4 million	0.3 million	0.2 million	0.2 million	0
Trade marks	7.80%	8.20%	0.40%	0.40%	0.60%	0.20%
	2.3 million	2.5 million	0.2 million	0.12 million	0.19 million	0.07 million
Designs	3.90%	3.60%	-0.30%	0.40%	0.40%	0.00%
	1.1 million	1.1 million	0	0.11 million	0.12 million	0.01 million
Copyright	7.00%	10.30%	3.30%	6.30%	6.40%	0.10%
	2.0 million	3.1 million	1.1 million	1.8 million	1.9 million	0.1 million
Any IP	15.50%	19.20%	3.70%	5.10%	7.50%	2.40%
	4.5 million	5.8 million	1.3 million	1.5 million	2.3 million	0.8 million

Industries that WIPO classifies as copyright intensive contribute the most of the four IP rights to total employment in the UK. Overall, such industries account for 10.3% (3.1 million) of total employment with Engineering activities and related technical consultancy employing the most people (405,100). Industries for which copyright is core to their business activities, make up 6.4% of employment (1.9 million).

Industries that are intensive in trade marks account for 8.2% of total employment (2.5 million). This is the highest of the three registered IP rights, on account of the high use of trade marks across the economy (95.8% of industries). Industries that are highly intensive users of trade marks, employed 189,600 employees (0.6%) between 2017 and 2019. The industry that employed the most people was 8299: Other business support service activities n.e.c. (328,100 employees).

4.7% of employment (1.4 million) can be attributed to industries that were intensive in patents, while highly intensive industries contributed 0.7% (204,000). Like trade marks, 8299: other business support service activities n.e.c. is the largest employer. During the time period of this study, design intensive industries accounted for 3.6% of employees (1.1 million), and highly intensive industries accounted for 0.4% (122,000) of employees.

5.2 Non-financial business economy gross value added

This Section refers only to the gross value added (GVA) of the non-financial business economy in the UK (which accounts for 84% of all industries at the 4-digit SIC level and approximately two thirds of the UK economy). Sufficient data is not available at this level of disaggregation for the financial industries.

Industries with an above average use in at least one of the IP rights accounted for 33.2% of UK value-added output (£414.7 billion) as measured by the Annual Business Survey ^{[footnote 42]}. Employees in IP intensive industries were also much more productive than those in non-IP intensive industries, with GVA per employee of £71,500 in the former, and £34,200 in the latter. Industries with high use of IP rights contributed 14.9% (£185.5 billion) to GVA.

Table 12 shows a share of GVA comparison between 2014-2016 and 2017-2019. Overall, £414.7 billion (33.2%) of the total GVA share is attributed to industries with an above average IP use and increase from £298.5 billion (26.9%) in the period between 2014-2016 (an increase of 166.2 billion, 6.3%). 15.0% (166.5 billion) of the GVA share is attributable to industries with high use which is 0.1% decrease compared to 2014-2016 in terms of proportions but is still an increase in monetary value (19.0 billion). When comparing individual IP rights, we can see that the GVA has increased for trade marks (£28.1 billion increase in above average and £10.2 billion increase in high) and copyright (£76.8 billion increase in above average and £13.6 billion increase in high) but decreased for designs (£9.3 billion decrease in above average and £0.9 billion decrease in high) in both above average and high categories. The GVA share in patents increased from £79.7 billion to £101.9 billion (a 1% increase) for industries with above average IP use but decreased for industries with high IP use by £0.6 billion which is a 0.1% decrease.

Table 12: Non-financial business economy GVA comparison between 2014-2016 and 2017 and 2019 ^{[footnote 41]}

Share of non-financial business economy GVA from industries with above average IP use		Above Average			High
	2014-2016	2017-2019	Change	2014-2016	2017-2019	Change
Patents	7.20%	8.20%	1.00%	0.80%	0.70%	-0.10%
	£79.7 billion	£101.9 billion	£22.2 billion	£8.8 billion	£8.2 billion	- £0.6 billion
Trade marks	13.20%	14.00%	0.80%	0.90%	1.60%	0.70%
	£146.5 billion	£174.6 billion	£28.1 billion	£9.8 billion	£20 billion	£10.2 billion
Designs	7.20%	5.60%	-1.60%	0.70%	0.60%	-0.10%
	£79.7 billion	£70.4 billion	- £9.3 billion	£8.1 billion	£7 billion	- £0.9 billion
Copyright	14.10%	18.70%	4.60%	13.40%	13.00%	-0.40%
	£156.8 billion	£233.6 billion	£76.8 billion	£149 billion	£162.6 billion	£13.6 billion
Any IP	26.90%	33.20%	6.30%	15.00%	14.90%	-0.10%
	£298.5 billion	£414.7 billion	£166.2 billion	£166.5 billion	£185.5 billion	£19.0 billion

Figure 7 shows the proportion of UK GVA is attributable to those industries with a high or above average (high or medium) use of IP

As with employment, copyright intensive industries contribute the most to non-financial GVA. Those industries’ cumulative share of GVA was 18.7% (£233.6 billion). The largest industry in terms of GVA that is intensive in copyright is Computer consultancy activities (£30.8 billion). Trade mark intensive industries accounted for 14% (£174.6 billion) of GVA between 2017 and 2019, while patent intensive and design intensive industries accounted for 8.2% (£101.9 billion) and 5.6% (£70.4 billion) respectively. Table 12 outlines the contributions in absolute terms to economic output by each IP right.

5.3 Export value

Between 2017-2019, IP intensive industries contributed 58.2% of export value (£16.4 billion) ^{[footnote 43]}, an increase of 6.1% compared 2014-2016 (Table 13). Whereas industries that were highly intensive in any IP right accounted for 16.2% of export value (£4.7 billion, Figure 8), an increase of 4.1%. Patent intensive industries such as Manufacture of motor vehicles (£4.7 billion), and Manufacture of air and spacecraft and related machinery (£2.2 billion), accounted for 45.1% (£12.7 billion) collectively. Similarly to non-financial GVA, IP intensive industries have much higher export value per employee too, exporting £2,800 per employee versus £500 for non-IP intensive industries.

Table 13: Comparison of share of export value between 2014-2016 and 2017-2019

Share of export value from industries with above average IP use		Above Average			High
	2014-2016	2017-2019	Change	2014-2016	2017-2019	Change
Patents	39.30%	45.10%	5.80%	7.40%	7.40%	0.00%
	£120.6 billion	£12.7 billion	N/C	£22.8 billion	£2.1 billion	N/C
Trade marks	17.20%	22.90%	5.70%	3.40%	7.20%	3.80%
	£52.9 billion	£6.5 billion	N/C	£10.5 billion	£2 billion	N/C
Designs	23.80%	7.90%	-15.90%	3.40%	2.90%	-0.50%
	£72.9 billion	£2.2 billion	N/C	£10.5 billion	£0.8 billion	N/C
Copyright	4.80%	9.90%	5.10%	2.50%	2.20%	-0.30%
	£14.7 billion	£2.8 billion	N/C	£7.6 billion	£0.6 billion	N/C
Any IP	52.10%	58.20%	6.10%	12.10%	16.20%	4.10%
	£159.7 billion	£16.4 billion	N/C	£37.1 billion	£4.6 billion	N/C

High use trade mark industries contributed 22.9% (£6.5 billion) of export value, rising to 7.2% (£2 billion) for above average users of trade marks. Industries that were above average users of copyright accounted for 9.9% (£2.8 billion) of export value, while design intensive industries accounted for 7.9% (£2.2 billion). In general, the export value in above average intensity IP rights between 2014-2016 and 2017-19 but decreased by 15.9% in designs (Table 13).

As previously mentioned, the sources for export value differ between this report and the IPO’s corresponding report in September 2020, therefore the results are not comparable in value terms, although the shares are comparable.

5.4 The economic contribution of the copyright intensive industries

The estimates below outline the contribution that industries classified as copyright intensive make to the UK economy as a percentage of non-financial business GVA, employment and export value.

Table 14: Comparison of economic contributions from copyright intensive industries between 2014-2016 and 2017-2019 ^{[footnote 41]}

Economic contributions from industries classified as copyright intensive		Core			Interdependent			Partial			Total
	2014-2016	2017-2019	Change	2014-2016	2017-2019	Change	2014-2016	2017-2019	Change	2014-2016	2017-2019	Change
Non-Financial Business Economy GVA	13.30%	13.00%	-0.30%	0.60%	2.40%	1.80%	0.10%	3.30%	3.20%	14.00%	18.70%	4.70%
	£149.0 billion	£162.6 billion	£13.6 billion	£6.7 billion	£29.5 billion	£22.8 billion	£1.2 billion	£41.6 billion	£40.4 billion	£156.8 billion	£233.6 billion	£76.8 billion
Share of UK employees	6.30%	6.40%	1.00%	0.40%	1.40%	1.00%	0.20%	2.50%	2.30%	7.00%	10.30%	3.30%
	1.8 million	1.9 million	0.1 million	0.12 million	0.42 million	0.3 million	0.07 million	0.76 million	0.69 million	2.0 million	3.1 million	1.1 million
Value of exported goods	2.50%	2.20%	-0.30%	1.60%	5.60%	4.00%	0.30%	2.10%	1.80%	4.30%	9.90%	5.60%
	£7.6 billion	£0.63 billion	N/C	£4.9 billion	£1.6 billion	N/C	£2.3 billion	£0.59 billion	N/C	£14.7 billion	£2.8 billion	N/C

Figure 9 shows that 10.3% (3.1 million) of total UK employment in the UK is attributable to industries that fall under WIPO’s classification of copyright intensive, an increase of 1.1 million compared to 2014-2016 (Table 15). Core industries made up a large proportion of this total, with 6.4% (1.9 million) coming from these industries. Interdependent industries accounted for 1.4% (420,000) of total employment and partial industries 2.5% (757,000).

As with the three registered IP rights, data is not available for the financial industries, and so this section refers only to the GVA of the non-financial business economy in the UK. Industries classified as copyright intensive accounted for 18.7% (£233.6 billion) of UK value-added output. Core industries accounted for 13% (£162.6 billion, an increase by £13.6 billion), interdependent industries for 2.4% (£29.5 billion, an increase by £22.8 billion) and partial for 3.3% (£41.6 billion, an increase by £40.4 billion).

Copyright intensive industries accounted for 9.9% (£2.8 billion) of total goods export value came from industries that were classified as copyright intensive. 2.2% (£630.1 million) from core, 5.6% (£1.6 billion) from interdependent, and 2.1% (£588 million) from partial copyright industries.

Conclusion

Figure 9 shows that 10.3% (3.1 million) of total UK employment in the UK is attributable to industries that fall under WIPO’s classification of copyright intensive, an increase of 1.1 million compared to 2014-2016 (Table 15). Core industries made up a large proportion of this total, with 6.4% (1.9 million) coming from these industries. Interdependent industries accounted for 1.4% (420,000) of total employment and partial industries 2.5% (757,000).

As with the three registered IP rights, data is not available for the financial industries, and so this section refers only to the GVA of the non-financial business economy in the UK. Industries classified as copyright intensive accounted for 18.7% (£233.6 billion) of UK value-added output. Core industries accounted for 13% (£162.6 billion, an increase by £13.6 billion), interdependent industries for 2.4% (£29.5 billion, an increase by £22.8 billion) and partial for 3.3% (£41.6 billion, an increase by £40.4 billion).

Copyright intensive industries accounted for 9.9% (£2.8 billion) of total goods export value came from industries that were classified as copyright intensive. 2.2% (£630.1 million) from core, 5.6% (£1.6 billion) from interdependent, and 2.1% (£588 million) from partial copyright industries.

Appendices

Appendix 1: Data sources

Company data

Company level data from FAME, a commercially available database from Bureau Van Dijk ^{[footnote 25]} of UK companies containing industry and financial information. An extract of company data was taken in September 2019. This was matched to IP applicants to identify their primary area of activity (4 digit SIC code).

List of Economic data and sources

Variable	Source	Limitations
Employees per 4-digit SIC	Business Register and Employment Survey (BRES) [footnote 30]	5% of industries supressed
GVA of non-financial business economy	Annual Business Survey (ABS)[footnote 44]	The financial sector is not covered in this data
Export Value per 4-digit SIC	HMRC Trade Tables [footnote 28]	Covers only commodities

Appendix 2: Comparison of numbers of industries in each intensity category between to 2014-2016 and 2017-2019 analysis

IP Usage	Patents		Trade marks		Designs
	2014 - 2016	2017 - 2019	2014 - 2016	2017 - 2019	2014 - 2016	2017 - 2019
Number of industries with at least one registered right of 616 industries	339 (55.03%)	360 (58.44%)	590 (95.77%)	586 (95.13%)	370 (60.06%)	388 (62.99%)
Above average (Percentile)	61 (9.90)	64 (10.39)	123 (19.97)	116 (18.83)	50 (8.11)	75 (12.18)
High (Percentile)	13 (2.11)	17 (2.76)	34 (5.52)	25 (4.06)	15 (2.43)	18 (2.92)
Medium (Percentile)	48 (7.79)	47 (7.62)	89 (14.45)	91 (14.77)	35 (5.68)	57 (25)
Low (Percentile)	253 (41.07)	284 (46.10)	410 (66.56)	464 (75.32)	303 (49.19)	302 (49.03)
Unclassified (Percentile)	25 (4.06)	12 (1.95)	57 (9.25)	36 (5.84)	17 (2.76)	11 (1.78)

Appendix 3: Categories - Patents

The following table lists those industries identifies as patent intensive (both under the High and medium classifications):

Average	Number above Average	2nd Average (for High Classification)
2.8	61	11.8

Sector	Description	IP Use	Value
3099	Manufacture of other transport equipment n.e.c.	High	70.6
6420	Activities of holding companies	High	66.7
2811	Manufacture of engines and turbines, except aircraft, vehicle and cycle engines	High	57.3
2311	Manufacture of flat glass	High	52.8
7211	Research and experimental development on biotechnology	High	35.6
3299	Other manufacturing n.e.c.	High	34.1
2899	Manufacture of other special purpose machinery n.e.c	High	32.1
2110	Manufacture of basic pharmaceutical products	High	26.1
2344	Manufacture of other technical ceramic products	High	17.6
1395	Manufacture of non-wovens and articles made from non-wovens, except apparel	High	16.7
2790	Manufacture of other electrical equipment	High	14.1
2342	Manufacture of ceramic sanitary fixtures	High	13.5
7219	Other research and experimental development on natural sciences and engineering	High	12.5
2751	Manufacture of electric domestic appliances	Medium	11.7
2670	Manufacture of optical instruments and photographic equipment	Medium	11.6
2611	Manufacture of electronic components	Medium	11.0
2014	Manufacture of other organic basic chemicals	Medium	10.8
3250	Manufacture of medical and dental instruments and supplies	Medium	9.6
2891	Manufacture of machinery for metallurgy	Medium	9.2
2059	Manufacture of other chemical products n.e.c.	Medium	9.1
7740	Leasing of intellectual property and similar products, except copyrighted works	Medium	8.9
2910	Manufacture of motor vehicles	Medium	8.1
2572	Manufacture of locks and hinges	Medium	7.9
2651	Manufacture of instruments and appliances for measuring, testing and navigation	Medium	7.8
2813	Manufacture of other pumps and compressors	Medium	7.5
2896	Manufacture of plastics and rubber machinery	Medium	6.8
3030	Manufacture of air and spacecraft and related machinery	Medium	6.8
2640	Manufacture of consumer electronics	Medium	6.4
3530	Steam and air conditioning supply	Medium	6.4
2599	Manufacture of other fabricated metal products n.e.c.	Medium	5.9
2013	Manufacture of other inorganic basic chemicals	Medium	5.7
3092	Manufacture of bicycles and invalid carriages	Medium	5.5
2630	Manufacture of communication equipment	Medium	5.0
2892	Manufacture of machinery for mining, quarrying and construction	Medium	4.8
2740	Manufacture of electric lighting equipment	Medium	4.7
7220	Research and experimental development on social sciences and humanities	Medium	4.6
6120	Wireless telecommunications activities	Medium	4.5
2016	Manufacture of plastics in primary forms	Medium	4.4
2814	Manufacture of other taps and valves	Medium	4.4
2931	Manufacture of electrical and electronic equipment for motor vehicles	Medium	4.4
3230	Manufacture of sports goods	Medium	4.4
2365	Manufacture of fibre cement	Medium	4.3
2229	Manufacture of other plastic products	Medium	4.2
2711	Manufacture of electric motors, generators and transformers	Medium	4.1
2821	Manufacture of ovens, furnaces and furnace burners	Medium	4.1
2893	Manufacture of machinery for food, beverage and tobacco processing	Medium	4.0
4799	Other retail sale not in stores, stalls or markets	Medium	4.0
2812	Manufacture of fluid power equipment	Medium	3.8
2612	Manufacture of loaded electronic boards	Medium	3.6
1399	Manufacture of other textiles n.e.c.	Medium	3.5
9900	Activities of extraterritorial organisations and bodies	Medium	3.5
2369	Manufacture of other articles of concrete, plaster and cement	Medium	3.4
2660	Manufacture of irradiation, electromedical and electrotherapeutic equipment	Medium	3.4
7490	Other professional, scientific and technical activities n.e.c.	Medium	3.3
1086	Manufacture of homogenised food preparations and dietetic food	Medium	3.2
8299	Other business support service activities n.e.c.	Medium	3.2
2815	Manufacture of bearings, gears, gearing and driving elements	Medium	3.1
2620	Manufacture of computers and peripheral equipment	Medium	3.0
1414	Manufacture of underwear	Medium	2.9
3240	Manufacture of games and toys	Medium	2.9
6209	Other information technology and computer service activities	Medium	2.9

Appendix 4: Categories – Trade marks

Average	Number above average	2nd average (for high classification)
18.1	123	60.6

Sector	Description	IP Use	Value
6420	Activities of holding companies	High	568.8
1200	Manufacture of tobacco products	High	385.7
9900	Activities of extraterritorial organisations and bodies	High	289.4
3299	Other manufacturing n.e.c.	High	211.9
1102	Manufacture of wine from grape	High	148.6
4619	Agents involved in the sale of a variety of goods	High	141.3
1101	Distilling, rectifying and blending of spirits	High	133.4
1419	Manufacture of other wearing apparel and accessories	High	132.2
2110	Manufacture of basic pharmaceutical products	High	129.7
3240	Manufacture of games and toys	High	120.2
1411	Manufacture of leather clothes	High	120.0
5030	Inland passenger water transport	High	118.7
2652	Manufacture of watches and clocks	High	117.7
2640	Manufacture of consumer electronics	High	114.7
4675	Wholesale of chemical products	High	112.2
4799	Other retail sale not in stores, stalls or markets	High	111.8
5821	Publishing of computer games	High	110.8
2060	Manufacture of man-made fibres	High	105.0
7740	Leasing of intellectual property and similar products, except copyrighted works	High	104.6
4782	Retail sale via stalls and markets of textiles, clothing and footwear	High	101.8
4617	Agents involved in the sale of food, beverages and tobacco	High	95.2
6399	Other information service activities n.e.c.	High	87.0
3099	Manufacture of other transport equipment n.e.c.	High	84.2
1395	Manufacture of non-wovens and articles made from non-wovens, except apparel	High	80.0
5829	Other software publishing	High	79.0
1399	Manufacture of other textiles n.e.c.	High	77.2
1414	Manufacture of underwear	High	77.1
4637	Wholesale of coffee, tea, cocoa and spices	High	77.1
4616	Agents involved in the sale of textiles, clothing, fur, footwear and leather goods	High	74.0
5812	Publishing of directories and mailing lists	High	72.6
1105	Manufacture of beer	High	72.5
3230	Manufacture of sports goods	High	69.2
5920	Sound recording and music publishing activities	High	65.0
1086	Manufacture of homogenised food preparations and dietetic food	High	61.1
4540	Sale, maintenance and repair of motorcycles and related parts and accessories	Medium	60.2
1032	Manufacture of fruit and vegetable juice	Medium	59.2
2790	Manufacture of other electrical equipment	Medium	56.8
2899	Manufacture of other special-purpose machinery n.e.c.	Medium	56.3
4791	Retail sale via mail order houses or via Internet	Medium	56.0
6203	Computer facilities management activities	Medium	55.3
2059	Manufacture of other chemical products n.e.c.	Medium	55.2
1103	Manufacture of cider and other fruit wines	Medium	54.2
1512	Manufacture of luggage, handbags and the like, saddlery and harness	Medium	53.6
1511	Tanning and dressing of leather; dressing and dyeing of fur	Medium	53.2
1413	Manufacture of other outerwear	Medium	50.7
4642	Wholesale of clothing and footwear	Medium	49.6
6810	Buying and selling of own real estate	Medium	47.3
3212	Manufacture of jewellery and related articles	Medium	46.0
4634	Wholesale of beverages	Medium	45.0
6209	Other information technology and computer service activities	Medium	45.0
7211	Research and experimental development on biotechnology	Medium	44.9
9609	Other personal service activities n.e.c.	Medium	44.3
2599	Manufacture of other fabricated metal products n.e.c.	Medium	43.8
4615	Agents involved in the sale of furniture, household goods, hardware and ironmongery	Medium	43.7
4676	Wholesale of other intermediate products	Medium	42.8
1083	Processing of tea and coffee	Medium	41.8
4789	Retail sale via stalls and markets of other goods	Medium	41.7
5819	Other publishing activities	Medium	41.7
4618	Agents specialised in the sale of other particular products	Medium	41.6
2670	Manufacture of optical instruments and photographic equipment	Medium	40.7
1107	Manufacture of soft drinks; production of mineral waters and other bottled waters	Medium	39.5
4648	Wholesale of watches and jewellery	Medium	38.9
6312	Web portals	Medium	38.6
5811	Book publishing	Medium	38.5
1431	Manufacture of knitted and crocheted hosiery	Medium	37.5
4690	Non-specialised wholesale trade	Medium	37.2
4613	Agents involved in the sale of timber and building materials	Medium	36.6
8299	Other business support service activities n.e.c.	Medium	36.3
9003	Artistic creation	Medium	35.9
4774	Retail sale of medical and orthopaedic goods in specialised stores	Medium	35.8
9002	Support activities to performing arts	Medium	35.4
3092	Manufacture of bicycles and invalid carriages	Medium	35.0
1092	Manufacture of prepared pet foods	Medium	34.8
1820	Reproduction of recorded media	Medium	34.3
9604	Physical well-being activities	Medium	33.9
2311	Manufacture of flat glass	Medium	33.1
4635	Wholesale of tobacco products	Medium	32.9
6499	Other financial service activities, except insurance and pension funding, n.e.c.	Medium	31.5
7490	Other professional, scientific and technical activities n.e.c.	Medium	30.1
2571	Manufacture of cutlery	Medium	30.0
6110	Wired telecommunications activities	Medium	29.8
9319	Other sports activities	Medium	28.7
4645	Wholesale of perfume and cosmetics	Medium	28.6
3319	Repair of other equipment	Medium	28.5
4723	Retail sale of fish, crustaceans and molluscs in specialised stores	Medium	28.5
1392	Manufacture of made-up textile articles, except apparel	Medium	28.3
2344	Manufacture of other technical ceramic products	Medium	28.2
1052	Manufacture of ice cream	Medium	27.7
8622	Specialist medical practice activities	Medium	27.2
1089	Manufacture of other food products n.e.c.	Medium	27.1
4641	Wholesale of textiles	Medium	27.1
2042	Manufacture of perfumes and toilet preparations	Medium	26.9
1041	Manufacture of oils and fats	Medium	26.8
8560	Educational support activities	Medium	26.4
7990	Other reservation service and related activities	Medium	26.2
1061	Manufacture of grain mill products	Medium	25.4
4614	Agents involved in the sale of machinery, industrial equipment, ships and aircraft	Medium	25.3
3220	Manufacture of musical instruments	Medium	25.1
3291	Manufacture of brooms and brushes	Medium	24.7
6201	Computer programming activities	Medium	24.1
7911	Travel agency activities	Medium	24.1
4743	Retail sale of audio and video equipment in specialised stores	Medium	23.6
1412	Manufacture of workwear	Medium	23.5
1082	Manufacture of cocoa, chocolate and sugar confectionery	Medium	23.4
4649	Wholesale of other household goods	Medium	22.9
9411	Activities of business and employers membership organisations	Medium	22.9
2041	Manufacture of soap and detergents, cleaning and polishing preparations	Medium	22.8
2015	Manufacture of fertilisers and nitrogen compounds	Medium	22.4
5911	Motion picture, video and television programme production activities	Medium	22.1
1106	Manufacture of malt	Medium	21.2
2349	Manufacture of other ceramic products	Medium	20.5
2740	Manufacture of electric lighting equipment	Medium	20.4
1723	Manufacture of paper stationery	Medium	20.3
7312	Media representation	Medium	20.2
1622	Manufacture of assembled parquet floors	Medium	20.0
2620	Manufacture of computers and peripheral equipment	Medium	20.0
8552	Cultural education	Medium	19.7
1520	Manufacture of footwear	Medium	19.6
2651	Manufacture of instruments and appliances for measuring, testing and navigation	Medium	19.6
7410	Specialised design activities	Medium	19.5
5814	Publishing of journals and periodicals	Medium	18.4
7021	Public relations and communication activities	Medium	18.2
8553	Driving school activities	Medium	18.2

Appendix 5: Categories - Registered designs

Average	Number above average	2nd average (for high classification)
8.1	50	49.4

Sector	Description	IP Use	Value
2571	Manufacture of cutlery	High	332.7
1411	Manufacture of leather clothes	High	175.0
2344	Manufacture of other technical ceramic products	High	160.6
4789	Retail sale via stalls and markets of other goods	High	160.4
4799	Other retail sale not in stores, stalls or markets	High	108.8
7410	Specialised design activities	High	104.4
3299	Other manufacturing n.e.c.	High	94.8
3212	Manufacture of jewellery and related articles	High	90.2
1414	Manufacture of underwear	High	82.9
3099	Manufacture of other transport equipment n.e.c.	High	78.4
1724	Manufacture of wallpaper	High	77.6
1419	Manufacture of other wearing apparel and accessories	High	71.8
1512	Manufacture of luggage, handbags and the like, saddlery and harness	High	61.6
1200	Manufacture of tobacco products	High	55.7
2443	Lead, zinc and tin production	High	51.6
9900	Activities of extraterritorial organisations and bodies	Medium	47.6
3240	Manufacture of games and toys	Medium	45.0
6420	Activities of holding companies	Medium	44.7
4616	Agents involved in the sale of textiles, clothing, fur, footwear and leather goods	Medium	44.0
3230	Manufacture of sports goods	Medium	42.6
4647	Wholesale of furniture, carpets and lighting equipment	Medium	37.1
7740	Leasing of intellectual property and similar products, except copyrighted works	Medium	35.7
2331	Manufacture of ceramic tiles and flags	Medium	35.0
4791	Retail sale via mail order houses or via Internet	Medium	32.2
4619	Agents involved in the sale of a variety of goods	Medium	27.3
4649	Wholesale of other household goods	Medium	24.7
6910	Legal activities	Medium	22.7
4615	Agents involved in the sale of furniture, household goods, hardware and ironmongery	Medium	22.4
1399	Manufacture of other textiles n.e.c.	Medium	22.1
4642	Wholesale of clothing and footwear	Medium	21.7
4690	Non-specialised wholesale trade	Medium	20.5
4532	Retail trade of motor vehicle parts and accessories	Medium	20.2
3109	Manufacture of other furniture	Medium	17.3
4641	Wholesale of textiles	Medium	16.9
2640	Manufacture of consumer electronics	Medium	15.1
2444	Copper production	Medium	15.0
4782	Retail sale via stalls and markets of textiles, clothing and footwear	Medium	15.0
2751	Manufacture of electric domestic appliances	Medium	14.8
5819	Other publishing activities	Medium	14.1
2313	Manufacture of hollow glass	Medium	12.8
2229	Manufacture of other plastic products	Medium	11.2
2740	Manufacture of electric lighting equipment	Medium	10.7
2599	Manufacture of other fabricated metal products n.e.c.	Medium	10.4
2790	Manufacture of other electrical equipment	Medium	9.6
4613	Agents involved in the sale of timber and building materials	Medium	9.6
4648	Wholesale of watches and jewellery	Medium	9.5
2899	Manufacture of other special-purpose machinery n.e.c.	Medium	9.4
4644	Wholesale of china and glassware and cleaning materials	Medium	8.8
4665	Wholesale of office furniture	Medium	8.3
2521	Manufacture of central heating radiators and boilers	Medium	8.1

Appendix 6: Industries list with above average IP use across multiple IP rights

The following table lists all industries that have a high or medium classification in at least one IPR.

SIC	Description	Patent	Trade mark	Designs	Copyright
1032	Manufacture of fruit and vegetable juice	-	x	-	-
1041	Manufacture of oils and fats	-	x	-	-
1052	Manufacture of ice cream	-	x	-	-
1061	Manufacture of grain mill products	-	x	-	-
1082	Manufacture of cocoa, chocolate and sugar confectionery	-	x	-	-
1083	Processing of tea and coffee	-	x	-	-
1086	Manufacture of homogenised food preparations and dietetic food	x	x	-	-
1089	Manufacture of other food products n.e.c.	-	x	-	-
1092	Manufacture of prepared pet foods	-	x	-	-
1101	Distilling, rectifying and blending of spirits	-	x	-	-
1102	Manufacture of wine from grape	-	x	-	-
1103	Manufacture of cider and other fruit wines	-	x	-	-
1105	Manufacture of beer	-	x	-	-
1106	Manufacture of malt	-	x	-	-
1107	Manufacture of soft drinks; production of mineral waters and other bottled waters	-	x	-	-
1200	Manufacture of tobacco products	-	x	x	-
1392	Manufacture of made-up textile articles, except apparel	-	x	-	-
1395	Manufacture of non-wovens and articles made from non-wovens, except apparel	x	x	-	-
1399	Manufacture of other textiles n.e.c.	x	x	x	-
1411	Manufacture of leather clothes	-	x	x	-
1412	Manufacture of workwear	-	x	-	-
1413	Manufacture of other outerwear	-	x	-	-
1414	Manufacture of underwear	x	x	x	-
1419	Manufacture of other wearing apparel and accessories	-	x	x	-
1431	Manufacture of knitted and crocheted hosiery	-	x	-	-
1511	Tanning and dressing of leather; dressing and dyeing of fur	-	x	-	-
1512	Manufacture of luggage, handbags and the like, saddlery and harness	-	x	x	-
1520	Manufacture of footwear	-	x	-	-
1622	Manufacture of assembled parquet floors	-	x	-	-
1711	Manufacture of pulp	-	-	-	x
1712	Manufacture of paper and paperboard	-	-	-	x
1723	Manufacture of paper stationery	-	x	-	-
1724	Manufacture of wallpaper	-	-	x	-
1811	Printing of newspapers	-	-	-	x
1812	Other printing	-	-	-	x
1813	Pre-press and pre-media services	-	-	-	x
1814	Binding and related services	-	-	-	x
1820	Reproduction of recorded media	-	x	-	x
2013	Manufacture of other inorganic basic chemicals	x	-	-	-
2014	Manufacture of other organic basic chemicals	x	-	-	-
2015	Manufacture of fertilisers and nitrogen compounds	-	x	-	-
2016	Manufacture of plastics in primary forms	x	-	-	-
2041	Manufacture of soap and detergents, cleaning and polishing preparations	-	x	-	-
2042	Manufacture of perfumes and toilet preparations	-	x	-	-
2059	Manufacture of other chemical products n.e.c.	x	x	-	x
2060	Manufacture of man-made fibres	-	x	-	-
2110	Manufacture of basic pharmaceutical products	x	x	-	-
2229	Manufacture of other plastic products	x	-	x	-
2311	Manufacture of flat glass	x	x	-	-
2313	Manufacture of hollow glass	-	-	x	-
2331	Manufacture of ceramic tiles and flags	-	-	x	-
2342	Manufacture of ceramic sanitary fixtures	x	-	-	-
2344	Manufacture of other technical ceramic products	x	x	x	-
2349	Manufacture of other ceramic products	-	x	-	-
2365	Manufacture of fibre cement	x	-	-	-
2369	Manufacture of other articles of concrete, plaster and cement	x	-	-	-
2443	Lead, zinc and tin production	-	-	x	-
2444	Copper production	-	-	x	-
2521	Manufacture of central heating radiators and boilers	-	-	x	-
2571	Manufacture of cutlery	-	x	x	-
2572	Manufacture of locks and hinges	x	-	-	-
2599	Manufacture of other fabricated metal products n.e.c.	x	x	x	-
2611	Manufacture of electronic components	x	-	-	-
2612	Manufacture of loaded electronic boards	x	-	-	-
2620	Manufacture of computers and peripheral equipment	x	x	-	x
2630	Manufacture of communication equipment	x	-	-	x
2640	Manufacture of consumer electronics	x	x	x	x
2651	Manufacture of instruments and appliances for measuring, testing and navigation	x	x	-	-
2652	Manufacture of watches and clocks	-	x	-	-
2660	Manufacture of irradiation, electromedical and electrotherapeutic equipment	x	-	-	-
2670	Manufacture of optical instruments and photographic equipment	x	x	-	x
2711	Manufacture of electric motors, generators and transformers	x	-	-	-
2731	Manufacture of fibre optic cables	-	-	-	x
2740	Manufacture of electric lighting equipment	x	x	x	-
2751	Manufacture of electric domestic appliances	x	-	x	-
2790	Manufacture of other electrical equipment	x	x	x	-
2811	Manufacture of engines and turbines, except aircraft, vehicle and cycle engines	x	-	-	-
2812	Manufacture of fluid power equipment	x	-	-	-
2813	Manufacture of other pumps and compressors	x	-	-	-
2814	Manufacture of other taps and valves	x	-	-	-
2815	Manufacture of bearings, gears, gearing and driving elements	x	-	-	-
2821	Manufacture of ovens, furnaces and furnace burners	x	-	-	-
2823	Manufacture of office machinery and equipment (except computers and peripheral equipment)	-	-	-	x
2891	Manufacture of machinery for metallurgy	x	-	-	-
2892	Manufacture of machinery for mining, quarrying and construction	x	-	-	-
2893	Manufacture of machinery for food, beverage and tobacco processing	x	-	-	-
2896	Manufacture of plastics and rubber machinery	x	-	-	-
2899	Manufacture of other special-purpose machinery n.e.c.	x	x	x	-
2910	Manufacture of motor vehicles	x	-	-	-
2931	Manufacture of electrical and electronic equipment for motor vehicles	x	-	-	-
3030	Manufacture of air and spacecraft and related machinery	x	-	-	-
3092	Manufacture of bicycles and invalid carriages	x	x	-	-
3099	Manufacture of other transport equipment n.e.c.	x	x	x	-
3101	Manufacture of office and shop furniture	-	-	-	x
3102	Manufacture of kitchen furniture	-	-	-	x
3103	Manufacture of mattresses	-	-	-	x
3109	Manufacture of other furniture	-	-	x	x
3211	Striking of coins	-	-	-	x
3212	Manufacture of jewellery and related articles	-	x	x	x
3220	Manufacture of musical instruments	-	x	-	x
3230	Manufacture of sports goods	x	x	x	-
3240	Manufacture of games and toys	x	x	x	x
3250	Manufacture of medical and dental instruments and supplies	x	-	-	-
3291	Manufacture of brooms and brushes	-	x	-	-
3299	Other manufacturing n.e.c.	x	x	x	-
3319	Repair of other equipment	-	x	-	-
3530	Steam and air conditioning supply	x	-	-	-
4532	Retail trade of motor vehicle parts and accessories	-	-	x	-
4540	Sale, maintenance and repair of motorcycles and related parts and accessories	-	x	-	-
4613	Agents involved in the sale of timber and building materials	-	x	x	-
4614	Agents involved in the sale of machinery, industrial equipment, ships and aircraft	-	x	-	-
4615	Agents involved in the sale of furniture, household goods, hardware and ironmongery	-	x	x	-
4616	Agents involved in the sale of textiles, clothing, fur, footwear and leather goods	-	x	x	-
4617	Agents involved in the sale of food, beverages and tobacco	-	x	-	-
4618	Agents specialised in the sale of other particular products	-	x	-	-
4619	Agents involved in the sale of a variety of goods	-	x	x	-
4634	Wholesale of beverages	-	x	-	-
4635	Wholesale of tobacco products	-	x	-	-
4637	Wholesale of coffee, tea, cocoa and spices	-	x	-	-
4641	Wholesale of textiles	-	x	x	-
4642	Wholesale of clothing and footwear	-	x	x	-
4643	Wholesale of electrical household appliances	-	-	-	x
4644	Wholesale of china and glassware and cleaning materials	-	-	x	-
4645	Wholesale of perfume and cosmetics	-	x	-	-
4647	Wholesale of furniture, carpets and lighting equipment	-	-	x	-
4648	Wholesale of watches and jewellery	-	x	x	-
4649	Wholesale of other household goods	-	x	x	-
4651	Wholesale of computers, computer peripheral equipment and software	-	-	-	x
4652	Wholesale of electronic and telecommunications equipment and parts	-	-	-	x
4665	Wholesale of office furniture	-	-	x	-
4666	Wholesale of other office machinery and equipment	-	-	-	x
4675	Wholesale of chemical products	-	x	-	-
4676	Wholesale of other intermediate products	-	x	-	x
4690	Non-specialised wholesale trade	-	x	x	-
4723	Retail sale of fish, crustaceans and molluscs in specialised stores	-	x	-	-
4741	Retail sale of computers, peripheral units and software in specialised stores	-	-	-	x
4743	Retail sale of audio and video equipment in specialised stores	-	x	-	x
4761	Retail sale of books in specialised stores	-	-	-	x
4762	Retail sale of newspapers and stationery in specialised stores	-	-	-	x
4763	Retail sale of music and video recordings in specialised stores	-	-	-	x
4774	Retail sale of medical and orthopaedic goods in specialised stores	-	x	-	-
4778	Other retail sale of new goods in specialised stores	-	-	-	x
4782	Retail sale via stalls and markets of textiles, clothing and footwear	-	x	x	-
4789	Retail sale via stalls and markets of other goods	-	x	x	-
4791	Retail sale via mail order houses or via Internet	-	x	x	-
4799	Other retail sale not in stores, stalls or markets	x	x	x	-
5030	Inland passenger water transport	-	x	-	-
5811	Book publishing	-	x	-	x
5812	Publishing of directories and mailing lists	-	x	-	-
5813	Publishing of newspapers	-	-	-	x
5814	Publishing of journals and periodicals	-	x	-	x
5819	Other publishing activities	-	x	x	x
5821	Publishing of computer games	-	x	-	x
5829	Other software publishing	-	x	-	x
5911	Motion picture, video and television programme production activities	-	x	-	x
5912	Motion picture, video and television programme post-production activities	-	-	-	x
5913	Motion picture, video and television programme distribution activities	-	-	-	x
5914	Motion picture projection activities	-	-	-	x
5920	Sound recording and music publishing activities	-	x	-	x
6010	Radio broadcasting	-	-	-	x
6020	Television programming and broadcasting activities	-	-	-	x
6110	Wired telecommunications activities	-	x	-	x
6120	Wireless telecommunications activities	x	-	-	x
6130	Satellite telecommunications activities	-	-	-	x
6190	Other telecommunications activities	-	-	-	x
6201	Computer programming activities	-	x	-	x
6202	Computer consultancy activities	-	-	-	x
6203	Computer facilities management activities	-	x	-	x
6209	Other information technology and computer service activities	x	x	-	x
6311	Data processing, hosting and related activities	-	-	-	x
6312	Web portals	-	x	-	x
6391	News agency activities	-	-	-	x
6399	Other information service activities n.e.c.	-	x	-	x
6420	Activities of holding companies	x	x	x	-
6499	Other financial service activities, except insurance and pension funding, n.e.c.	-	x	-	-
6810	Buying and selling of own real estate	-	x	-	-
6910	Legal activities	-	-	x	-
7021	Public relations and communication activities	-	x	-	-
7111	Architectural activities	-	-	-	x
7112	Engineering activities and related technical consultancy	-	-	-	x
7211	Research and experimental development on biotechnology	x	x	-	-
7219	Other research and experimental development on natural sciences and engineering	x	-	-	-
7220	Research and experimental development on social sciences and humanities	x	-	-	-
7311	Advertising agencies	-	-	-	x
7312	Media representation	-	x	-	x
7410	Specialised design activities	-	x	x	x
7420	Photographic activities	-	-	-	x
7430	Translation and interpretation activities	-	-	-	x
7490	Other professional, scientific and technical activities n.e.c.	x	x	-	-
7722	Renting of video tapes and disks	-	-	-	x
7729	Renting and leasing of other personal and household goods	-	-	-	x
7733	Renting and leasing of office machinery and equipment (including computers)	-	-	-	x
7739	Renting and leasing of other machinery, equipment and tangible goods n.e.c.	-	-	-	x
7740	Leasing of intellectual property and similar products, except copyrighted works	x	x	x	-
7911	Travel agency activities	-	x	-	-
7990	Other reservation service and related activities	-	x	-	x
8219	Photocopying, document preparation and other specialised office support activities	-	-	-	x
8299	Other business support service activities n.e.c.	x	x	-	-
8552	Cultural education	-	x	-	x
8553	Driving school activities	-	x	-	-
8560	Educational support activities	-	x	-	-
8622	Specialist medical practice activities	-	x	-	-
9001	Performing arts	-	-	-	x
9002	Support activities to performing arts	-	x	-	x
9003	Artistic creation	-	x	-	x
9004	Operation of arts facilities	-	-	-	x
9101	Library and archive activities	-	-	-	x
9102	Museum activities	-	-	-	x
9103	Operation of historical sites and buildings and similar visitor attractions	-	-	-	x
9319	Other sports activities	-	x	-	-
9321	Activities of amusement parks and theme parks	-	-	-	x
9329	Other amusement and recreation activities	-	-	-	x
9411	Activities of business and employers membership organisations	-	x	-	-
9412	Activities of professional membership organisations	-	-	-	x
9499	Activities of other membership organisations n.e.c.	-	-	-	x
9604	Physical well-being activities	-	x	-	-
9609	Other personal service activities n.e.c.	-	x	-	-
9900	Activities of extraterritorial organisations and bodies	x	x	x	-

Appendix 6: Classification groupings of copyright industries

Below is a list of all copyright intensive industries used in this paper to estimate the economic contribution these industries make to the UK economy. This is based on industries that are identified by WIPO as copyright intensive and for this paper we only consider those that are thought to have at least 20% of their activity contributable to copyright related activities.

According to WIPO, these industries “as a category would not exist or would be significantly different without copyright in works or other subject matter.” Therefore, their entire economic contribution in terms of non-financial business economy GVA, employment and export value has been considered.

Core

SIC	Industry description	Factor
5811	Book publishing	100%
5813	Publishing of newspapers	100%
5814	Publishing of journals and periodicals	100%
5819	Other publishing activities	100%
5821	Publishing of computer games	100%
5829	Other software publishing	100%
5911	Motion picture, video and television programme production activities	100%
5912	Motion picture, video and television programme post-production activities	100%
5913	Motion picture, video and television programme distribution activities	100%
5914	Motion picture projection activities	100%
5920	Sound recording and music publishing activities	100%
6010	Radio broadcasting	100%
6020	Television programming and broadcasting activities	100%
6120	Wireless telecommunications activities	100%
6201	Computer programming activities	100%
6202	Computer consultancy activities	100%
6203	Computer facilities management activities	100%
6209	Other information technology and computer service activities	100%
6312	Web portals	100%
6391	News agency activities	100%
6399	Other information service activities n.e.c.	100%
7311	Advertising agencies	100%
7312	Media representation	100%
7410	Specialised design activities	100%
7420	Photographic activities	100%
7430	Translation and interpretation activities	100%
9001	Performing arts	100%
9002	Support activities to performing arts	100%
9003	Artistic creation	100%
9101	Library and archive activities	100%
9329	Other amusement and recreation activities	100%
1811	Printing of newspapers	100%
1812	Other printing	100%
1813	Pre-press and pre-media services	100%
1814	Binding and related services	100%
1820	Reproduction of recorded media	100%
4761	Retail sale of books in specialised stores	100%
4762	Retail sale of newspapers and stationery in specialised stores	100%
4763	Retail sale of music and video recordings in specialised stores	100%
6110	Wired telecommunications activities	100%
6130	Satellite telecommunications activities	100%
6190	Other telecommunications activities	100%
6311	Data processing, hosting and related activities	100%
7990	Other reservation service and related activities	100%
8219	Photocopying, document preparation and other specialised office support activities	100%
8552	Cultural education	100%
9004	Operation of arts facilities	100%
9321	Activities of amusement parks and theme parks	100%
9412	Activities of professional membership organisations	100%

Interdependent copyright industries are those engaged in the production, manufacture and sale of equipment whose function is wholly or primarily to facilitate the creation, production or use of works and other protected subject matter.

All interdependent copyright industries have been included in the estimates of copyright intensive industries’ contribution to the UK economy. Even though SIC 4643: Wholesale of electrical household appliances registers a factor intensity below 20%, it is included in the analysis as the EUIPO/EPO included all interdependent copyright industries, regardless of their factor intensity.

Interdependent

SIC	Industry description	Factor
1711	Manufacture of pulp	25%
1712	Manufacture of paper and paperboard	25%
2059	Manufacture of other chemical products n.e.c.	25%
2620	Manufacture of computers and peripheral equipment	30%
2630	Manufacture of communication equipment	30%
2640	Manufacture of consumer electronics	30%
2670	Manufacture of optical instruments and photographic equipment	30%
2731	Manufacture of fibre optic cables	30%
2823	Manufacture of office machinery and equipment (except computers and peripheral equipment)	30%
3220	Manufacture of musical instruments	35%
4643	Wholesale of electrical household appliances	19%
4651	Wholesale of computers, computer peripheral equipment and software	30%
4652	Wholesale of electronic and telecommunications equipment and parts	25%
4666	Wholesale of other office machinery and equipment	30%
4676	Wholesale of other intermediate products	25%
4741	Retail sale of computers, peripheral units and software in specialised stores	33%
4743	Retail sale of audio and video equipment in specialised stores	33%
4778	Other retail sale of new goods in specialised stores	33%
7722	Renting of video tapes and disks	20%
7729	Renting and leasing of other personal and household goods	20%
7733	Renting and leasing of office machinery and equipment (including computers)	35%
7739	Renting and leasing of other machinery, equipment and tangible goods n.e.c.	20%

Partial copyright industries are industries in which some activities are related to works and other protected subject matter and may involve creation, production and manufacturing, performance, broadcast, communication and exhibition or distribution and sales.

Partial

SIC	Industry description	Factor
9102	Museum activities	50.00%
9103	Operation of historical sites and buildings and similar visitor attractions	50.00%
3240	Manufacture of games and toys	46.00%
9499	Activities of other membership organisations n.e.c.	41.00%
3211	Striking of coins	33.50%
3212	Manufacture of jewellery and related articles	33.50%
7111	Architectural activities	9.00%
7112	Engineering activities and related technical consultancy	9.00%
3101	Manufacture of office and shop furniture	6.70%
3102	Manufacture of kitchen furniture	6.70%
3103	Manufacture of mattresses	6.70%
3109	Manufacture of other furniture	6.70%

1. https://euipo.europa.eu/tunnel-web/secure/webdav/guest/document_library/observatory/documents/IPContributionStudy/IPR-intensive_industries_and_economicin_EU/WEB_IPR_intensive_Report_2019.PDF 1,282KB ↩ ↩² ↩³ ↩⁴ ↩⁵ ↩⁶

2. https://www.uspto.gov/sites/default/files/documents/IPandtheUSEconomySept2016.PDF 4.8MB ↩ ↩² ↩³ ↩⁴

3. In the case of copyright those industries that have been attributed at least 20 per cent of activity to Copyright usage by the World Intellectual Property Organisation (WIPO), PDF 1,693KB - ↩

4. As measured by the Annual Business Survey which covers the non-financial business economy approximately two thirds of the UK economy. ↩

5. Industries which have an above average use of IP out of the industries in the ‘above average’ subset. ↩

6. In the case of copyright those classified as ‘core’ by the World Intellectual Property Organisation (WIPO), PDF 1,693KB ↩

7. Of the 616 UK industries. ↩

8. Figures for industries for which at least 20% of their value can be attributed to copyright-related activities, using the methodology set out by WIPO. This includes industries classified as ‘core copyright industries’ alongside a number of other industries classified as ‘interdependent’ and ‘partial’. The respective list of industries can be found in Section 6, all of which attribute at least 20% of their value to copyright-related activities. ↩

9. Industries classified as “core” by WIPO. ↩

10. For industries ranked as above average, % of non-financial value-added output. ↩

11. For industries ranked as above average, % of total UK employment. ↩

12. For industries ranked as above average, % of total goods export value. ↩

13. As classified by Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) ↩

14. Other manufacturing not elsewhere classified. This class is mixed, including but not limited to: the manufacture of protective safety equipment, the manufacture of pens and pencils, floral items, buttons and fasteners. For a full list see SIC 2007 - Office for National Statistics explanatory notes, PDF 1,294KB pages 137 and 138. ↩

15. Holding companies control assets of other companies to form a corporate group. ↩

16. Respective industries are: 2640 - Manufacture of consumer electronics, 3240 - Manufacture of games and toys. ↩

17. Appendix 5 lists the industries classified as above average across at least one of the IP rights considered in this paper. ↩

18. 6420 Activities of holding companies, 7010 Activities of head offices and 8299 Other business support service activities n.e.c. all relate to non-specific ‘head office’ type activities. ↩

19. Use of Intellectual Property rights across UK industries ↩ ↩²

20. 100% Word template for report-studies_2021.docm (europa.eu), PDF 640KB ↩

21. The IPO receives data from the European Patent Office covering granted European patents which designate the UK for protection, EP(UK) patents. ↩

22. Trade mark applications can specify multiple classes. The registered classifications specify which goods and/or services a trade mark will be used on. Trade mark classes are the unit of analysis in this paper. ↩

23. Trade marks registered at the EUIPO provide protection in all member states. ↩

24. Designs registered at the EUIPO provide protection in all member states. ↩

25. [Orbis

    Compare Private Company Data

    Bureau van Dijk (bvdinfo.com)](https://www.bvdinfo.com/en-gb/our-products/data/international/orbis?gclid=EAIaIQobChMI29r0i7mv9wIVSNTtCh1TdQAkEAAYASAAEgLb3_D_BwE)

    ↩ ↩² ↩³

26. Standard Industrial Classification of economic activity (SIC). Primary SIC codes as reported to Companies House were used to allocate IP filings to industries Further information can be found here: https://www.ons.gov.uk/methodology/classificationsandstandards/ukstandardindustrialclassificationofeconomicactivities/uksic2007 ↩

27. Unmatched applicants or those with no industry data are ignored and the whole IP right is distributed between the applicants with available industry data. ↩

28. https://www.uktradeinfo.com/trade-data/ots-custom-table/ ↩ ↩²

29. https://resources.companieshouse.gov.uk/sic/ ↩

30. Employee numbers have been taken from the ONS – Business Register and Employment Survey (BRES) . ↩ ↩²

31. Industries are not ranked when there is no available employee data. ↩

32. https://www.wipo.int/edocs/pubdocs/en/copyright/893/wipo_pub_893.PDF 1,693KB ↩

33. Core copyright industries are industries wholly engaged in the creation, production and manufacturing, performance, broadcast, communication and exhibition, or distribution and sales of works or other protected subject matter. ↩

34. Interdependent copyright industries are industries that are engaged in the production, manufacture and sale of equipment whose function is wholly or primarily to facilitate the creation, production or use of works and other protected subject matter. ↩

35. Partial copyright industries are industries in which some activities are related to works and other protected subject matter and may involve creation, production and manufacturing. ↩

36. Non-dedicated support industries are those in which some activities are related to facilitating broadcast, communication, distribution or sales of works and other protected subject matter, but whose activities have not been included in the core copyright industries. ↩

37. A full list of the copyright industries included in this paper can be found at: https://euipo.europa.eu/tunnel-web/secure/webdav/guest/document_library/observatory/documents/IPContributionStudy/IPR-intensive_industries_and_economicin_EU/WEB_IPR_intensive_Report_2019.PDF 1,282KB ↩

38. Industries for which at least 20% of their value can be attributed to copyright-related activities, using the methodology set out by WIPO, are considered “above average”. Industries that are considered to have 100% of their value attributed to copyright-related activities, are considered “high-use”. ↩

39. These measures should not be compared in terms of their share of the economy as the coverage of each measure varies due to data availability for each of the measures. ↩

40. Employment in the UK - Office for National Statistics ↩

41. The sum of the estimates for individual IP-intensive industries exceeds the total estimate for any IP intensive industries, due to overlapping use of IP rights across industries. ↩ ↩² ↩³ ↩⁴

42. Non-financial business economy, UK (Annual Business Survey) - Office for National Statistics ↩

43. Goods exports by industry are considered in this report, in line with previous studies. Service exports have not been included as the data is unavailable at the 4-digit SIC level – see overseas trade statistics . ↩

44. https://www.ons.gov.uk/businessindustryandtrade/business/businessservices/datasets/uknonfinancialbusinesseconomyannualbusinesssurveysectionsas ↩