Official Statistics

Electronic Monitoring Statistics Publication, England and Wales: December 2023

Published 18 January 2024

Main Points

This publication sets out statistics on the use of electronic monitoring from 31 December 2022 to 31 December 2023.

The number of individuals fitted with an electronic monitoring device increased by 20%	The total number of individuals fitted with an electronic monitoring device (a radio frequency device or location monitoring device) or an alcohol monitoring device as at 31 December 2023 was 19,878, an increase of 20% from 16,602 as at 31 December 2022.
Court bail orders remains the largest cohort of individuals fitted with an electronic monitoring device	The number of individuals fitted with an electronic monitoring device under a court bail order as at 31 December 2023 was 6,901, an increase of 12% from 6,173 as at 31 December 2022. Court bail accounted for 35% of all individuals fitted with an electronic monitoring device.
The number of individuals fitted with a radio frequency device (RF) accounts for 39% of individuals fitted with a device	The number of individuals fitted with a radio frequency device (RF) as at 31 December 2023 was 7,721, a decrease of 7% from 8,290 as at 31 December 2022.
The number of individuals fitted with a location monitoring device (GPS) accounts for 48% of individuals fitted with a device	The number of individuals fitted with a location monitoring device (GPS) as at 31 December 2023 was 9,562, an increase of 46% from 6,533 as at 31 December 2022.
The number of individuals fitted with an alcohol monitoring device (AM) increased by 52%	The number of individuals fitted with a alcohol monitoring device (AM) as at 31 December 2023 was 2,832, a 52% increase from 1,863 as at 31 December 2022.

Statistician’s comment

Between 31 December 2022 and 31 December 2023 the number of individuals fitted with an electronic monitoring device increased. This has been driven by the increased use of GPS tags, particularly for the immigration cohort, and AM tags, particularly for the post release cohort, despite the continued decrease in the use of RF tags.

Court bail orders remain the largest cohort of individuals fitted with an electronic monitoring device, accounting for 35% (6,901) of the 31 December 2023 caseload. The use of electronic monitoring for those on court bail increased sharply in early 2020 in response to the covid pandemic’s impact on the courts, reaching a peak in March 2021. Although numbers declined a little before stabilising, from June 2022 the numbers again increased and are now at record levels.

In the year ending 31 December 2023 there were 57,463 new order notifications, a 5% increase compared to the year ending 31 December 2022. In the same period there were 54,013 completed orders, a 5% increase on the previous period.

This release is part of the Electronic Monitoring statistics publication series. In this release, based on feedback received, a new section presenting the trends in the use of radio frequency tags has been included. Feedback on the content and format of the release is welcome: please see contact details section for further information.

New contracts to deliver the Electronic Monitoring service from May 2024 have been awarded. More details can be found here. To ensure the publication series continues to meet our high accuracy and quality standards we may need to temporarily pause the series towards the end of 2024, to allow us to adapt our coding and processes. If there is a pause to the publication series, the full data set will be available when the series restarts. If this will cause difficulties please do let us know.

Background

Electronic monitoring supports the police, courts, probation, prisons and the wider justice system in England and Wales. It is a way of remotely monitoring and recording information on an individual’s whereabouts or movements and alcohol consumption, using an electronic tag which is normally fitted to a subject’s ankle. Information about the compliance with an individual’s order is monitored. Electronic monitoring may be used:

• as a condition of court bail;

• as a requirement of a court sentence, primarily community orders and suspended sentence orders;

• for Home Detention Curfew;

• as a licence condition following release from custody;

• as a condition of immigration bail, managed by the Home Office; or

• to intensively monitor a small number of individuals including: some of the highest risk offenders managed under Multi-Agency Public Protection Arrangements (MAPPA); those granted bail by the Special Immigration Appeals Commission (SIAC); and those made subject to Terrorism Prevention and Investigation Measures (TPIMs).

Electronic monitoring was first introduced in 1999 to monitor compliance with curfews using radio frequency tags, where curfew is the only requirement these continue to be used. The service was expanded from November 2018 to introduce satellite enabled location monitoring tags. The tags use GPS technology which can record an individual’s movements 24 hours a day. Roll out was fully completed in March 2021 when the provision of GPS monitoring was extended to under 18s.

GPS tags provide additional functionality, allowing the monitoring of:

• compliance with exclusion zones;

• attendance at a required activity or appointment;

• an offender’s whereabouts (trail monitoring);

• multiple conditions or requirements if necessary, such as a combination of exclusion zones, curfew, monitored attendance and trail monitoring.

Since 2021 HMPPS has expanded the use of GPS tags for the following offender cohorts:

• acquisitive crime: From April 2021 they have been used as a licence condition for some adult offenders convicted of a specified acquisitive crime as their principal offence and who have received a custodial sentence of 12 months or more and been released on licence. In late October 2022 this was expanded to those who had received a custodial sentence of 90 days or more. This is currently being piloted in 19 police force areas.

• several small pilots for specific offender cohorts, such as Licence Variation, GPS Youth Rehabilitation, and Domestic Abuse Perpetrators on Licence.

• immigration expansion: The Immigration Act 2016 introduced a duty on the Home Office Secretary of State to impose an electronic monitoring condition on Foreign National Offenders and other non-UK citizens subject to deportation proceedings. Following this, in August 2021, HMPPS began using GPS monitoring for those individuals who had been released from Prisons or Immigration Detention under ‘Immigration Bail’ on behalf of the Home Office. From 31 August 2022 this was extended to Scotland and Northern Ireland in December 2022. The Home Office also commenced a pilot in June 2022 to impose an electronic monitoring condition of immigration bail to non-foreign national offenders (FNO) asylum claimants who arrive in the UK via unnecessary and dangerous routes. This pilot concluded in December 2023.

Electronic monitoring using a non-fitted device was introduced in November 2022 for the immigration cohort. These devices utilise periodic biometric verification as an alternative to using fitted devices. Those with a non-fitted device have been included within the GPS cohort for the purposes of this analysis.

Alcohol monitoring was introduced to courts in Wales in October 2020 and expanded to courts in England on 31 March 2021 to support the new community sentencing option, the Alcohol Abstinence and Monitoring Requirement (AAMR). An AAMR may only be used when sentencing for alcohol-related criminal behaviour and it imposes a total ban on drinking alcohol for up to 120 days. Compliance with the ban is monitored electronically using an alcohol tag which continuously monitors for the consumption of alcohol via an offenders’ sweat.

An AAMR order may be imposed by the court as part of a community order or suspended sentence order where:

• the offence, or associated offence, for which the requirement is being imposed, is alcohol-related;

• the subject is not alcohol dependent or has an Alcohol Treatment Requirement (ATR) recommended or in place; and

• the subject is an adult (18 years or over)

For offenders being released from custody whose offending and risk is alcohol related, an Alcohol Monitoring on Licence (AML) additional licence condition was introduced in Wales in November 2021 and rolled out in England in June 2022. There are two licence conditions available for AML:

• requires total abstinence from alcohol, or

• requires the offender to comply with requirements specified by their Probation Practitioner to address their alcohol needs, this will include restricting alcohol use.

1. Overall Summary

An individual may be given several orders at the same time and/or over the course of a year, therefore there will be more active orders at any one time than there are people being monitored. If an individual has multiple orders, when looking at order notifications each will be counted separately. However, when counting individuals, the subject will be included in a order cohort once according to a defined formula. Please see the technical note for more details.

Between 31 December 2022 and 31 December 2023 the total number of individuals fitted with an electronic monitoring device (a radio frequency, location monitoring device or alcohol monitoring device) increased from 16,602 people to 19,878, an increase of 20%.

Figure 1: Overall number of individuals fitted with an Electronic Monitoring or Alcohol Monitoring Device, England and Wales, as at month-end, from March 2017 to December 2023 (Source: Table 1.1)

However, the trend in the overall number of individuals fitted with an electronic device differs considerably by type of order:

• court bail orders make up the largest proportion (35%) of electronically monitored individuals. At 31 December 2023, 6,901 individuals had court bail as their primary order type, up by 12% on the previous year. The use of electronic monitoring for those on court bail increased sharply in early 2020. Although numbers declined during 2021, from mid-2022 the numbers have again been increasing.

• post-release orders were the second largest group with 5,242 individuals (26% of the caseload), up by 33% when compared with the previous year. This increase is mainly due to the increased use of alcohol monitoring for this group.

• immigration orders were the third largest group with 4,360 individuals (22% of the caseload), up by 40% when compared with the previous year. The number of individuals in this cohort has steadily increased from August 2021 owing to the expansion projects.

• court sentences (community orders and suspended sentence orders) were the fourth largest group with 3,307 individuals (17% of the caseload), down by 1% on the same point in the previous year. The numbers recovered following a sharp decline in early 2020 as a result of pressure on courts from the covid pandemic, the numbers again declined in mid-2022. This decrease began from April 2022 and is likely to be associated with mandating domestic abuse and safeguarding checks in all cases where electronic monitored curfews are proposed, which was introduced from April 2022 as can be seen by the decrease in those with a primary order type of community sentence with an RF tag.

Figure 2: Individuals fitted with an Electronic Monitoring or Alcohol Monitoring device, by order type (excluding Specials), England and Wales, as at month-end, from March 2017 to December 2023 (Source: Table 1.1)

2. Radio Frequency Monitoring

Between 31 December 2022 and 31 December 2023 the total number of individuals fitted with an electronic monitoring device and whose primary order was a RF order decreased from 8,290 individuals to 7,721, a decrease of 7%. Over the same period the proportion of individuals whose primary order was a RF order decreased from 50% to 39%.

• court bail RF orders make up the largest proportion (53%) of RF monitored individuals. At 31 December 2023, 4,115 individuals had RF court bail as their primary order type, a decrease of 8% on the previous year. The use of electronic monitoring for those on RF court bail increased sharply in early 2020 in response to the covid pandemic’s impact on the courts.

• post-release RF orders were the second largest group with 2,071 individuals (27% of the RF caseload), up by 11% when compared with the previous year.

• court sentence RF orders (community orders and suspended sentence orders) were the third largest group with 1,535 individuals (20% of the caseload), down by 22% when compared with the previous year. The decline from April 2022 is likely to be associated with mandating domestic abuse and safeguarding checks in all cases where electronic monitored curfews are proposed is continuing.

• as at 31 December 2023, there are no individuals that had immigration RF orders as their primary order type. HOIE have primarily used GPS tags since 2021 which has significantly reduced the numbers of RF devices used.

Figure 3: Individuals fitted with a radio frequency monitoring device, by order type (excluding Specials), England and Wales, as at month-end, from March 2017 to December 2023 (Source: Table 2.1)

3. Location (GPS) Monitoring

Between 31 December 2022 and 31 December 2023 the number of individuals fitted with an electronic monitoring device and whose primary order was a GPS order increased from 6,533 individuals to 9,562, an increase of 46%. Over the same period the proportion of individuals whose primary order was a GPS order increased from 39% to 48%. As at 31 December 2023 GPS immigration bail accounted for 46% of all individuals whose primary order was a GPS order.

There were 2,161 new acquisitive crime orders imposed across England and Wales in the year ending 31 December 2023. Overall, 4,726 new acquisitive crime orders have been imposed since they were introduced.

Figure 4: Acquisitive Crimes Offenders and Foreign National Offenders, England and Wales, as at month-end, December 2018 to December 2023 (Source: Table 3.1)

4. Alcohol Monitoring

Between 31 December 2022 and 31 December 2023 the total number of individuals fitted with an alcohol monitoring device increased from 1,863 individuals to 2,832, an increase of 52%.

There were 11,413 new alcohol monitoring orders imposed across England and Wales in the year ending 31 December 2023. Overall 20,546 new alcohol monitoring orders have been imposed since their introduction.

Of the alcohol tags in use to monitor alcohol abstinence and monitoring requirements (AAMR) over the last quarter, between September 2023 and December 2023, the tags did not register a tamper or alcohol alert for 97.6% of the days worn. Since their introduction in October 2020, the tags did not register a tamper or alcohol alert for 97.3% of the days worn.

Figure 5: Overall number of individuals with an Alcohol Monitoring Order, England and Wales, as at month-end, October 2020 to December 2023 (Source: Table 4.1)

Further information

Accompanying files

As well as this bulletin, the following products are published as part of this release:

• Data tables

• Technical note

Official Statistics

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The statistics in this bulletin are classified as official statistics. The Statistics and Registration Service Act 2007 defines ‘official statistics’ as all those statistical outputs produced by the UK Statistics Authority’s executive office (the Office for National Statistics), by central Government departments and agencies, by the devolved administrations in Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales, and by other Crown bodies (over 200 bodies in total).

This publication has been produced to the high professional standards as set out in the Code of Practice for Statistics. However, the analysis is only as good as the data upon which it is based, and there is inherent uncertainty when the data is derived from diverse administrative data systems.

For further details on the methodology used to compile the report, please refer to the technical note.

Future publications

Our statisticians regularly review the content of publications. Development of new and improved statistical outputs is usually dependent on reallocating existing resources. As part of our continual review and prioritisation, we welcome user feedback on existing outputs including content, breadth, frequency and methodology. Please send any comments you have on this publication including suggestions for further developments or reductions in content.

Contact

Press enquiries should be directed to the Ministry of Justice press office:
Tel: 020 3334 3536
Email: newsdesk@justice.gov.uk

Other enquiries about these statistics should be directed to Data and Analysis at the Ministry of Justice:

HMPPS Electronic Monitoring Performance
Data and Analysis
Ministry of Justice
10th Floor
102 Petty France
London
SW1H 9AJ

Email: ppas_statistics@justice.gov.uk

Next update: April 2024

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