Family Food 2016/17: About Family Food
Published 26 April 2018
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This publication is available at https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/family-food-201617/about-family-food
1. About Family Food
Over the 76 years of the survey, we estimate around half a million households have participated in Family Food and its predecessors. Our thanks go to all those respondents, without whose cooperation this invaluable historic data resource would not be possible, and especially to those who freely donated their time in 2016/17.
2. Survey organisation
Family Food 2016/17 is a report on the 2016/17 Family Food Module of the Living Costs and Food Survey (LCFS). This report provides statistics on food purchases by type of food and includes estimates of nutrient content. Datasets and methodology notes are provided on the website with some statistics back to the 1940s. The survey covers about 5,000 households across the United Kingdom each year. Food purchases are reported at a detailed level and demographic patterns and trends are identified.
A total of 11,505 addresses were selected in 2016/17 for the LCFS in Great Britain, of which 4,641 households co-operated fully in the survey. The overall response rate for the 2016/17 LCFS from eligible households was 45 per cent in Great Britain. In Northern Ireland 389 households co-operated fully out of a sample of 1,000, a response rate from eligible households of 45 per cent.
Defra is the main user of the statistics in its coordinating role on food policy across Government. The statistics feature in high level indicators on healthy diet and food security. In Scotland the statistics are used to monitor the health of the Scottish diet. The data is placed on the National Data Archive and is accessed by academics and used in research.
Family Spending is a separate report on the Living Costs and Food Survey published by the Office for National Statistics. It covers all forms of household expenditure but without as much detail on food and without quantities and nutrient content of food purchases.
3. Comparisons between ONS and Defra reports
Family Food uses LCFS data on food expenditure to estimate consumption and nutrient intake. It should be noted that in Family Food, food consumption and nutrient uptake is at person level.
Family Spending reports expenditure at household level, meaning that the figures cannot be directly compared to those presented in Family Food. The different approaches reflect the different analytical purposes of the two publications, with person level being appropriate to nutritional analysis.
4. National Statistics
Family Food conforms fully to National Statistics standards. The term ‘National Statistics’ is an accreditation quality mark that stands for a range of qualities such as relevance, integrity, quality, accessibility, value for money and freedom from political influence. More information is available from the UK Statistics Authority.
5. Survey development
5.1 Updating and accuracy of nutrient composition profiles
The conversion from food purchases to nutrient content requires nutrient composition factors for each of the ‘Family Food’ food codes. Public Health England (PHE) maintains a databank of nutrient compositions for a wide range of specific foods that are made available to Defra. These are updated as and when new data becomes available from PHE’s analytical programme or from manufacturers and retailers.
5.2 Accuracy of reporting and coding
Survey participants record their food and drink purchases in a two week diary. They are able to attach till receipts or to write in diary entries to cover amount spent and quantity purchased for each individual item. In some cases, there is insufficient detail recorded on the diary to identify the correct food code, or quantities are not properly recorded. Whilst every effort is made by the survey team to correct these during household visits it is sometimes necessary to tolerate this in order to maintain goodwill and high response rates.
To deal with quantity omissions on the diary the validation team collect proxy quantities by searching on-line supermarket websites and matching the item description and expenditure. If there is insufficient information to allocate a food item to a specific code, default codes may sometimes be used. Default codes are based upon the most commonly occurring product within a category; e.g. a diary entry of ‘sausages’ gives insufficient information to distinguish between pork/beef/other meat, so in this case it would be allocated to the ‘pork’ food code by way of default as the most commonly bought variety.
5.3 Checks on portion sizes to improve the quality of eating out estimates
Quantities are not recorded against eating out foods on the Family Food diaries because purchases are often in the form of meals and quantities are unknown. In the eating out section of the Family Food diary the survey participant records an itemised list of meal components. Defra uses a set of standard portion sizes for eating out food codes. These were reviewed in 2013, and no significant changes were made.
6. The Family Food steering group
We are very grateful to the Family Food Steering Group whose advice on the conduct of the Family Food Module and quality assurance of the annual report is invaluable. The group are selected from the devolved administrations, Department of Health, Office for National Statistics, nutrition professionals and the food industry. The group members are not paid a fee for their time spent advising Defra on the survey report.
- David Lee (Chair), Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs
- Dr Joanna Bulman, Office for National Statistics
- Melanie Hargraves, Food and Drink Federation
- Mr Richard Murray, Scottish Government
- Gillian Swan, Public Health England
- Professor Judith Buttriss, British Nutrition Foundation
- Krishna Patel, Ministry for Health and Social Care
- Professor Andrew Chesher, University College London
- Professor Martin Wiseman, Universtiy of Southampton
- Dermot Donnelly, Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency
Andrew Chesher, William Stanley Jevons Professor of Economics and Economic Measurement, University College London, has decided to step down from the steering group this year. We wish to put on record our gratitude for his 30 years of constructive engagement and contribution to Family Food and the National Food Survey, and we wish him well in his future work.
7. Family Food production team
Graham Brown, Leigh Riley, Isabella Worth, David Lee, Andrew Scaife, Chris Silwood
8. Feedback
We would welcome feedback and suggestions from users of Family Food and its datasets. Contact the team at familyfood@defra.gsi.gov.uk.
9. Data downloads
Data in spreadsheet format are available to download from the Defra website.
The Family Food data are spreadsheets containing survey estimates for years 2001/02 onwards. The UK household consumption and the UK household expenditure spreadsheets show results for 1974 onwards. Historical estimates going back to 1940 in some cases are available from the National Archives.
Information is available at United Kingdom level for both household and eating out on:
- Purchases,
- Expenditure and
- Nutrient intakes
There is a further breakdown by:
UK regions
- Scotland, Wales, Northern Ireland, English NUTS 1 Region
- Rural and Urban: England, Wales and Scotland
and other breakdowns across the UK sample:
- Gross income quintile
- Equivalised income decile
- Household composition
- Age group of household reference person
- Age at which household reference person ceased full-time education
- Ethnic origin of household reference person
- Socio-economic classification of household reference person
- Economic activity of household reference person
9.1 Economic and Social Data Service
Survey data for the Expenditure and Food Survey (2000/01 to 2007) and subsequently the Living Costs and Food Survey (2008 to 2016/17) is available to download via the Data Archive on the Economic and Social Data Service website. National Food Survey data from 1974 to 2000 is available.
10. Glossary
10.1 Consumer Price Index (CPI)
The Consumer Price Index is a statistical measure of a weighted average of prices of a specified set of goods and services. It is used as an indicator of inflation, which is the percentage change in the index compared with the same month one year previously.
10.2 Equivalised income
The income a household needs to attain a given standard of living will depend on its size and composition. Equivalisation means adjusting a households income for size and composition so that the incomes of all households are on a comparable basis. To calculate equivalised income using the Modified OECD equivalence scale, each household member is given an equivalence value. This scale, first proposed by Haagenars et al. (1994), assigns a value of 1 to the household head, of 0.5 to each additional adult member and of 0.3 to each child. Additional household members are assigned smaller values to reflect the economies of scale achieved when people live together. Economies of scale arise when households share resources such as water and electricity, which reduces the living costs per person.
10.3 Household Reference Person (HRP)
The HRP is the person who: owns the household accommodation, or is legally responsible for the rent of the accommodation, or has the household accommodation by virtue of their employment or personal relationship to the owner who is not a member of the household. If more than one person meets these criteria the HRP will be the one with the higher income. If the incomes are the same then the eldest is chosen.
10.4 Main effect regression
A statistical technique that does not allow the effect of an explanatory variable (e.g. age) to change when another explanatory variable (e.g. region) changes.
10.5 Multiple regression modelling
A statistical technique that predicts values of one variable (e.g. intake of fat) on the basis of two or more other variables (e.g. age, region and income).
10.6 Trading Down
Trading down is used in this Family Food report to mean switching to purchases of cheaper products within a food grouping. Cheaper is equivalent to lower quality in some way. The reduction in quality could be in any quality attribute of the product such as packaging, brand name, provenance, nutrient content or taste. Trading down into a completely different type of food is not captured.