Leasehold dwellings, 2022 to 2023: technical notes
Published 9 May 2024
Applies to England
© Crown copyright 2024
This publication is licensed under the terms of the Open Government Licence v3.0 except where otherwise stated. To view this licence, visit nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/version/3 or write to the Information Policy Team, The National Archives, Kew, London TW9 4DU, or email: psi@nationalarchives.gov.uk.
Where we have identified any third party copyright information you will need to obtain permission from the copyright holders concerned.
This publication is available at https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/leasehold-dwellings-2022-to-2023/leasehold-dwellings-2022-to-2023-technical-notes
1. Official Statistics status
The statistics in this release have been given the status of unqualified ‘Official Statistics’. This designation means that the statistics have been produced in accordance with the governance and operational arrangements set out in statistical legislation, and in compliance with the standards of best practice set out in the Code of Practice for Statistics. This has been the case for the annual release since the 2019-20 release.
2. Data collection and methodology
The Leasehold Dwellings, 2022-23 Official Statistical Release presents estimates of the number of leasehold dwellings in England in 2022-23 by tenure, dwelling type and region.
The Department for Levelling Up, Housing and Communities (DLUHC), formerly the Ministry of Housing Communities and Local Government (MHCLG), first produced an estimate for the number of Leasehold dwellings in England in 2014.
The statistics were originally released as ‘experimental’ to enable analysts to seek expert feedback on the methodology underpinning the estimates. The Good Practice Team of the Office for National Statistics reviewed the statistics in 2015-16 and judged the methodology to be “the best approach given the available data sources”. Since then, a number of adjustments have been made to improve the accuracy of the estimates and in 2020 the Head of Profession for Statistics recommended that the estimate to be produced in July 2021 and going forward should be published as Official Statistics.
The English Housing Survey (EHS) data contains details of dwellings by tenure in England, but does not provide us with their leasehold/freehold status. The HM Land registry data gives us leasehold titles, but does not give us tenure. This methodology allows us to calculate the proportion of dwellings with leasehold titles by tenure and dwelling type by matching the data from HM Land Registry Title Descriptor Dataset to the data of the EHS using the Unique Property Reference Number (UPRN). Then, applying those proportions to the total number of dwellings in England, which is derived using DLUHC’s Dwelling Stock Estimates and adjusted to account for dwelling type using Valuation Office Agency’s (VOA) Council Tax Stock of Properties.
While the methodology has remained broadly the same, a number of adjustments have been made in order to improve the accuracy of the estimate. They included: improvements to the calibration; widening the coverage of the statistics; improvements to address matching; imputation of missing data; and the introduction of regional calibration. These adjustments are explained below and summarised in Table 1.
The adjustments improved the coverage, accuracy and geographical precision of the estimate, but have retained the fundamental methodology. Therefore, the changes do not constitute a break in the time series, and estimates are comparable from the 2014-15 release onwards for the private sector, and from the 2015-16 release onwards for all tenures. It is therefore possible to compare the current estimate with previous estimates. These can be viewed on the leasehold dwellings collection page.
Improved calibration
To ensure the most accurate possible estimate, the leasehold proportions obtained by matching the English Housing Survey with HM Land Registry are applied (calibrated/weighted) to the total number of dwellings in England, using DLUHC’s Dwelling Stock Estimates and adjusted to account for dwelling type using VOA’s Council Tax Stock of Properties. This method was first used to produce the 2014-15 estimate and has been retained in this release. The classification of dwelling type in English Housing Survey data has been adjusted to match the definitions used by the VOA. In particular, bungalows are now counted separately (they were previously classified as either detached or non-detached houses). From 2018-19 the weighting strategy was updated to also control for regional variations, also using the VOA’s Council Tax Stock of Properties.
Prior to establishing the Experimental Statistics series in 2014-15, DLUHC produced an estimate of the number of leasehold dwellings, based on 2012-13 data. In that release, the leasehold proportions were calibrated to the 2011 Census to obtain the total number of properties. This was due to the proximity of the 2012-13 estimate to the 2011 Census. It is expected that the results of the 2021 Census will be used to produce future leasehold estimates.
Widened coverage
Since 2015-16, the estimates have included the small number of leasehold dwellings in the social rented sector. Prior to that, only leasehold dwellings in the private sector were included.
Also, since 2015-16, the leasehold estimates have been based on two years of English Housing Survey data to increase the sample size, and to improve the accuracy of the estimate.
Improvements to address matching
The accuracy of the leasehold estimate relies on a high match rate between the English Housing Survey and HM Land Registry data. Given the relative completeness of the English Housing Survey address information, most cases are easily matched in AddressBase and have a UPRN. However, a small number of cases do not.
From the release covering 2016-17, a new address matching algorithm was developed which enabled “fuzzy matching” between the English Housing Survey and AddressBase, allowing English Housing Survey addresses without a precise match in AddressBase to be matched to a UPRN. These are typically dwellings where the address has been recorded in a different format, or where the address has changed, for example from a street number to a named house.
In 2022-23, this process matched a UPRN to over 99% of the achieved sample of the English Housing Survey (in total, 11,187 cases of the 11,270 achieved sample was matched). Of the cases matched to a UPRN 96% (10,741 cases) could be matched to HM Land Registry data giving an overall rate of 95% of EHS cases matched to a HM Land Registry data.
Imputation of missing data (pre 2018-19)
A small proportion of EHS cases cannot be matched to HM Land Registry data. These “missing” or “unmatched” cases either cannot be matched to a UPRN, or do not have a record in HM Land Registry title data (dwellings which have not been bought, given or inherited, received in exchange for other property or land, or been mortgaged since 1990 may not be recorded with HM Land Registry).
To produce the 2017-18 release, DLUHC worked with the Methods Advisory Service at the ONS to implement an imputation strategy for the 836 cases that could not be matched to HM Land Registry data.
Imputation was not undertaken to produce the releases from 2018-19 onwards because revisions to the calibration strategy to include regional estimates of the dwelling stock (see below) performs the same role, thus negating the need for imputation.
Regional calibration
In 2018-19 the release included regional estimates of the number of leasehold dwellings for the first time. Regional estimates have continued to be included and are in this year’s (2022-23) and will be included in all future releases.
Table 1: Overview of leasehold methodology
Official Statistics
| Survey year | Leasehold data | Calibration | Changes |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2022-23 | HM Land Registry’s Title descriptor dataset | DLUHC’s Dwelling Stock Estimates distributed by dwelling type using VOA’s Council Tax: Stock of Properties (England and Wales) | No changes to methodology |
| 2021-22 | HM Land Registry’s Title descriptor dataset | DLUHC’s Dwelling Stock Estimates distributed by dwelling type using VOA’s Council Tax: Stock of Properties (England and Wales) | No changes to methodology |
| 2020-21 | HM Land Registry’s Title descriptor dataset | DLUHC’s Dwelling Stock Estimates distributed by dwelling type using VOA’s Council Tax: Stock of Properties (England and Wales) | No changes to methodology |
| 2019-20 | HM Land Registry’s Title descriptor dataset | DLUHC’s Dwelling Stock Estimates distributed by dwelling type using VOA’s Council Tax: Stock of Properties (England and Wales) | No changes to methodology |
Experimental Statistics series
| Survey year | Leasehold data | Calibration | Changes |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2018-19 | HM Land Registry’s Title descriptor dataset | DLUHC’s Dwelling Stock Estimates distributed by dwelling type using VOA’s Council Tax: Stock of Properties (England and Wales) | Regional data added - Imputation removed - Regional calibration and estimates added |
| 2017-18 | HM Land Registry’s Title descriptor dataset | DLUHC’s Dwelling Stock Estimates distributed by dwelling type using VOA’s Council Tax: Stock of Properties (England and Wales) | Imputation of missing title data - Imputation applied to cases without a UPRN or a Land Registry title record. |
| 2016-17 | HM Land Registry’s Title descriptor dataset | DLUHC’s Dwelling Stock Estimates distributed by dwelling type using VOA’s Council Tax: Stock of Properties (England and Wales) | Improvements to address matching - “Fuzzy matching” used to improve the match rate of EHS address data to its UPRN. |
| 2015-16 | HM Land Registry’s Title descriptor dataset | DLUHC’s Dwelling Stock Estimates distributed by dwelling type using VOA’s Council Tax: Stock of Properties (England and Wales) | Wider coverage - Estimate of the number of leasehold dwellings in the social rented sector added. - Estimate based on two years of EHS to increase sample size and improve precision. |
| 2014-15 | HM Land Registry’s Title descriptor dataset | DLUHC’s Dwelling Stock Estimates distributed by dwelling type using VOA’s Council Tax: Stock of Properties (England and Wales) | Calibration - Calibrated to Dwelling Stock Estimates |
Before Experimental Statistics series was established
| Survey year | Leasehold data | Calibration | Changes |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2012-13 | HM Land Registry’s Title descriptor dataset | Census 2011 distributed by dwelling type using the English Housing Survey |
3. Data quality
Things to note on this release
Throughout this report we refer to the survey year (2022-23) rather than the publication year when describing the methodology and data quality.
Assessment of data quality
In 2015, the UK Statistics Authority (UKSA) published a regulatory standard for the quality assurance of administrative data. To assess the quality of the data provided for this release, DLUHC has followed that standard.
The standard is supported with an Administrative Data Quality Assurance Toolkit which provides useful guidance on the practices that can be adopted to assure the quality of the data they utilise.
The Leasehold Dwellings, 2022-23 Statistical Release is produced by DLUHC and based on data collected by DLUHC (English Housing Survey, Dwelling Stock Estimates), VOA (Council Tax: Stock of Properties (England and Wales), and HM Land Registry (National Polygon Service: Title Descriptor datasets).
An assessment of the level of risk based on the Quality Assurance Toolkit is as follows:
| Risk/Profile Matrix Statistical Series | Administrative Source | Data Quality Concern | Public Interest | Matrix Classification |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Estimating the number of leasehold dwellings in England | DLUHC | Low | Medium | Medium risk [A1] |
The publication of the annual estimate of the number of leasehold dwellings typically generates a moderate level of public interest and moderate economic and/or political sensitivity. Some specialist leasehold interest groups report on the findings and there is sometimes press coverage.
The data quality concern is low because of the robustness of the data on which the estimate is based, and the high match rate achieved between the English Housing Survey and the HM Land Registry data. A full outline of the statistical production process and quality assurance carried out is provided in the flow chart below.
The data are then further quality assured in detail by statisticians responsible for this publication, who perform further detailed validation and checks, spotting and correcting any errors. These checks include comparisons with data provided, published or historical data.
Overall, the annual estimate of the number of leasehold dwellings has been assessed as A1: Medium Risk. This is mainly driven by the moderate level of public interest in the statistics.
A full outline of the statistical production process and quality assurance carried out is provided in the flow chart in Figure 1 below.
Figure 1: Quality assurance flow chart
1. START: Data matching
2. Data scientists assign UPRNs to EHS addresses using AddressBase Plus; apply ‘fuzzy matching’ if necessary
3. Quality assure data matching, checking for: match rate; missing data; duplication; plausibility against previous years
4. Send queries to data scientists to re-run if necessary
5. Matched data shared with HM Land Registry to match the Title Descriptor dataset
6. Matched data returned to DLUHC and quality assured, checking for: match rate; missing data; duplication; plausibility against previous years
7. Send queries to HM Land Registry to re-run if necessary
8. Calculate number and proportion of leasehold dwellings by tenure, dwelling type and region
9. Calibrated data to the total number of dwellings in England using DLUHC’s Dwelling Stock Estimates and adjusted to account for dwelling type using VOA’s Council Tax Stock of Properties
10. Estimate the number of leasehold dwellings by tenure, dwelling type and region produced
11. Quality assure estimate by: re-writing syntax; re-running analysis and significance testing; making comparisons to previous year’s report to ensure results are sensible
12. Write report
13. Quality assure report checking for: plausibility of results; text to table checks
14. Deputy director signs off final report
15. END: Statistical release
Further details are also provided against each of the four areas outlined in the Quality Assurance of Administrative Data (QAAD) Toolkit.
1. Operational context and administrative data collection
No new data are collected for this statistical release. Instead, it draws on information from the statistical sources listed below:
- English Housing Survey (Accredited Official Statistics produced by DLUHC)
- Dwelling Stock Estimates (Accredited Official Statistics produced by DLUHC)
- Council Tax: Stock of Properties (England and Wales) (Official Statistics produced by VOA)
- National Polygon Service: Title Descriptor dataset (HM Land Registry)
2. Communication with data supply partners
Data suppliers work collaboratively to produce this release to ensure that there is a common understanding of what information is being supplied and why. There is regular contact between the analysts responsible for the leasehold estimate and those responsible for the English Housing Survey and the Dwelling Stock Estimates, who all work in the Housing and Planning Analysis Division at DLUHC.
VOA’s Council Tax: Stock of Properties data are publicly available.
There is a Memorandum of Understanding in place between DLUHC and HM Land Registry which sets out the specific data sharing arrangements for the sharing by DLUHC of data relating to the properties included in the EHS sample, and HM Land Registry of data relating to the tenure (leasehold or freehold) of properties.
3. QA principles, standards and checks by data suppliers
The data sources for these statistics are Accredited Official (English Housing Survey and Dwelling Stock Estimates) or Official Statistics (Council Tax: Stock of Properties (England and Wales) and HM Land Registry data) collected and published by government departments in line with the Code of Practice for Statistics. More information on the quality of the data sources used to produce the annual estimate of leasehold dwellings can be found at the links for each data source, provided above.
At DLUHC’s request, the Office for National Statistics (ONS) Good Practice Team reviewed the leasehold methodology in 2015-16. They judged it to be “the best approach given the available data sources”.
4. Producers’ QA investigations and documentation
Whilst providers are expected to carry out their own checks before the data is submitted for this publication, further quality assurance is carried once the data is received by the responsible statisticians for this publication. The data are compiled together and compared to the raw data, published figures, historical time series and policy information that may have impacted the figures.
The data, report and tables are quality assured independently by another statistician in the production team. Further final checks are performed to the final end product. These checks use a clear checklist approach to ensure the figures are consistent across the release and live tables, with each check being systematically signed off when it has been completed.
4. Definitions
Dwelling
A unit of accommodation which may comprise one or more household spaces (a household space is the accommodation used or available for use by an individual household). A dwelling may be classified as shared or unshared. A dwelling is shared if:
- the household spaces it contains are ‘part of a converted or shared house’, or
- not all of the rooms (including kitchen, bathroom and toilet, if any) are behind a door that only that household can use, and
- there is at least one other such household space at the same address with which it can be combined to form the shared dwelling.
Dwellings that do not meet these conditions are unshared dwellings.
Leasehold
A long leasehold is a form of property ownership normally used for flats that is simply a long tenancy, providing the right to occupation and use for a long period – the ‘term’ of the lease. This can be a period of over 21 years and the lease can be bought and sold during this term. The term is fixed at the beginning and decreases year by year, until the property returns to the landlord. Houses can also be leasehold. A person who buys a leasehold property on a lease is called a leaseholder.
Freehold
The freehold interest in land is a title in property that can be held in England and Wales. In practice a residential freehold interest applies to the outright ownership of land or property for an unlimited period and applies to the majority of houses.
Share of freehold
Where the freehold of the building is (a) either owned jointly by a number (up to four) of the flat owners in their personal names, or (b) where a company is the owner of the freehold and each of the leaseholders hold a share or membership in that company.
The data most commonly show detached houses to have a single freehold title. For flats, the record most frequently showed either a single freehold title or a single leasehold title. However, some homes were found to have multiple titles of ownership recorded. In these cases addresses with one or more leasehold titles registered were categorised as leasehold. Conversely, cases were designated as freehold only if all titles found in the data were freehold titles.
These definitions have not changed since the statistical series was first established.
The definitions used in this publication can be found in the Housing statistics and English Housing survey glossary published by DLUHC.
5. Revisions policy
This policy has been developed in accordance with the UK Statistics Authority’s Code of Practice for Statistics and the Department for Levelling Up, Housing and Communities Revisions Policy.
It covers two types of revisions:
Non-scheduled revisions
Where a substantial error has occurred as a result of the compilation, imputation or dissemination process, the statistical release, live tables and other accompanying releases will be updated with a correction notice as soon as is practical.
Scheduled revisions
Changes to the component data sources used in this release will be incorporated in the next scheduled release of data.
Revisions in this release
This release does not contain any revisions.
6. Other information
Comparison with other data sources
English Housing Survey
The English Housing Survey alone underestimates the number of leasehold dwellings. There are two main reasons for this:
- The English Housing Survey cannot provide an estimate of the number of leasehold properties in the social or private rented sectors, because respondents are tenants who will not know if their home is leasehold; and
- Owner occupiers may not understand the leasehold questions and misreport their leasehold status.
HM Land Registry Price Paid Data
The HM Land Registry Price Paid Data records whether properties bought and sold (and registered with HM Land Registry) are leasehold or freehold. This is a record of transactions not properties and cannot be used to estimate the prevalence of leasehold properties across the whole stock.
HM Land Registry Title Data
In addition to using HM Land Registry Title Data to produce the estimate of the number of leasehold dwellings, DLUHC have also conducted robustness checks against these high level data.
HM Land Registry keeps a register of leasehold titles in England and Wales. In 2019, there were a total of 5.3 million registered leases, including non-residential leases such as commercial premises or leases of roof spaces for solar panels, and multiple leases on some dwellings, such as subsidiary leases for flats within a leased block. It is therefore not possible to calculate a definitive number of leasehold dwellings from this dataset. HM Land Registry estimate that just over 160,000 of these leases were in Wales, and that 14% of all leases were likely to be non-residential. Excluding these Welsh and non-residential leases gives a total of approximately 4.5 million residential leases in England, including multiple leases on the same dwelling. This figure is within the confidence intervals reported in 2019-20 (4.4 to 4.9 million leasehold dwellings) and provides support for the robustness of the estimate.
Related statistics
The Department for Levelling Up, Housing and Communities publish a series of detailed English Housing Survey annual reports each summer. The topics covered in these reports change each year in line with user requirements.
One of these was a report on owner occupier leaseholders for 2020-21, which contains details on the demographics and financial circumstances of owner occupier leaseholders in England. A similar report on leasehold households across tenure in 2021-22 was published in July 2023.
Help to Buy (Equity Loan scheme) and Help to Buy: NewBuy statistics. The Department for Levelling Up, Housing and Communities DLUHC publishes quarterly Official Statistics on the number of home purchases and the value of equity loans under the government’s Help to Buy: Equity Loan scheme, as well as the number of purchases under the government’s Help to Buy: NewBuy scheme (formerly known only as ‘NewBuy’). The latest statistical release contains data on the number of homes purchased through the Help to Buy: Equity Loan scheme that are freehold and the number that are leasehold.
Further information, including a breakdown of homes purchased through the scheme by tenure (freehold/leasehold), property type and local authority, is available in the live tables accompanying the release (Release Tables 9, 9a and 9b). See the Help to Buy (Equity Loan scheme) and Help to Buy: NewBuy statistics.
The Office for National Statistics (ONS) produces leasehold statistics on England and Wales in a publication entitled Leasehold and freehold residential property transactions in England and Wales. Unlike the statistics in this release, the ONS publication covers only transactions not the stock of leasehold dwellings.
Devolved administration statistics
There are no comparable statistics available for Scotland, Wales or Northern Ireland.
User engagement
Users are encouraged to provide feedback on how these statistics are used and how well they meet user needs. Comments on any issues relating to this statistical release are welcomed and encouraged. Responses should be addressed to the contact given in the first page of the release, Stephen Pottinger via email - ehs@levellingup.gov.uk.
See the Department’s engagement strategy to meet the needs of statistics users.