Official Statistics

Mefloquine (Lariam) prescribing in the UK Armed Forces: 12 September 2016 to 31 March 2024

Published 23 May 2024

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This publication is available at https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/mefloquine-larium-prescribing-in-the-uk-armed-forces-12-september-2016-to-31-march-2024/mefloquine-lariam-prescribing-in-the-uk-armed-forces-12-september-2016-to-31-march-2024

Mefloquine (also known as Lariam) is used to prevent or treat malaria. It may be prescribed as one of a number of alternative chemoprophylactic drugs for military personnel deployed to areas where there is a high risk of chloroquine resistant malaria. This biannual official statistic provides information on the number of mefloquine prescriptions given to UK armed forces personnel at MOD medical facilities covering the period 12 September 2016 to 31 March 2024 with the focus on the latest six-month period (1 October 2023 to 31 March 2024).

1. Key Points

The MOD introduced a new policy on prescribing antimalarial drugs on 12 September 2016 following the House of Commons Defence Committee (HCDC) inquiry into use of mefloquine in the UK armed forces.

Between 1 October 2023 and 31 March 2024, there were three prescriptions for mefloquine.

Based on the six-monthly average of all-type antimalarials prescribed over the five-year period 1 April 2018 – 31 March 2023 this would account for 0.1% of all antimalarials prescribed.  This percentage has remained consistent compared to the previous six months (1 April 2023 to 30 September 2023).

A graphic showing 3 prescriptions for mefloquine between 1 October 2023 and 31 March 2024. Two of these mefloquine prescriptions had a face-to-face risk assessment and a record of an alternative being offered.

Responsible statistician: Defence Statistics Health

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Background Quality Report: Background Quality Report

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2. Introduction

Malaria is an acute febrile illness. If malaria is not prevented it can be fatal, particularly if the strain Plasmodium falciparum is contracted. The government has a duty of care to provide members of the armed forces with effective methods of chemoprophylaxis.  Chemoprophylaxis refers to the taking of medication to prevent disease rather than treat it. Mefloquine is one of the main chemoprophylaxis drugs that are available for prescription in UK to prevent malaria. Others include doxycycline; chloroquine; proguanil; and atovaquone (when combined with proguanil it is marketed as Malarone).

Taking antimalarial chemoprophylaxis when visiting an area where there is a malaria risk is part of a suite of preventive actions which include bite avoidance, covering up with long clothing, wearing insect repellent and sleeping under mosquito nets etc. For members of the UK armed forces who are prescribed antimalarial drugs, information relating to the consultation is entered in the patient’s electronic health record.  All clinical information can be entered as free text in the record or as coded data. Only coded data can be exploited for analysis in the electronic health record data warehouse (DMICP). This bulletin focuses on coded data input between 12 September 2016 and 31 March 2024, and additional information provided by clinicians following a review of prescriptions between 12 September 2016 and 31 December 2016. To routinely search for information entered as free text requires the manual review of the patient record; thus, any additional information entered as free text has not been included in this statistic.

A number of individuals including former service personnel and their families, members of the public and MPs have campaigned to prevent the use of mefloquine in the UK armed forces due to the reported neuropsychological adverse reactions of the drug.

In 2015 the House of Commons Defence Committee (HCDC) conducted an inquiry into the use of mefloquine (also known by the trade name Lariam) in the UK armed forces. The information gathered from an audit carried out at this time was used to support the government’s response. This audit was for mefloquine prescriptions given to personnel who went on to deploy on Op HERRICK to Afghanistan and results were released as part of the official statistic published in May 2017. The HCDC published its report into the use of mefloquine by the armed forces in May 2016 and made a number of recommendations concerning the future prescribing of the drug. Amongst these were recommendations that:

  • The MOD cease conducting risk assessments based solely on patients’ records and prescribe Lariam, if at all, only after detailed face to face individual risk assessments.

  • Records of face-to-face assessments should be recorded in individuals’ medical notes.

  • In addition to the need for a face-to-face interview MOD ensures that each individual, when made aware of the risks of Lariam, must be offered the option of receiving an alternative anti-malarial drug.

In response to the inquiry and these recommendations, the MOD amended its policy on preventing malaria in military personnel which was implemented on 12 September 2016. In addition, the government response to the HCDC report was published in September 2016 .

The HCDC stated that they would monitor the MOD’s policy in relation to malaria protection by requesting six-monthly updates on the MOD’s use of mefloquine. Publication of this official statistic is to meet this requirement, to support the MOD’s commitment to release information where possible and ensure that the public has equal access to the information.

In order to assess the impact of the revised anti-malarial policy, a new method of data capture through electronic templates in the primary care medical record was introduced in 2016. This allowed better recording of the processes undertaken when prescribing antimalarial drugs at MOD medical facilities. The process enabled the collection of coded data on risk assessments for antimalarial drugs and confirmation that an alternative drug had been offered in place of mefloquine. Previously, to identify whether a risk assessment had taken place, a manual review of the medical record was required.  This new process has enabled MOD to provide assurances that the policy is being followed. In addition, the process also acted as a guide to clinicians to ensure the appropriate prescribing of mefloquine.

Regular feedback from users allowed refinement and improvement of the process to ensure the clinicians followed the policy prior to the prescription of antimalarial drugs. This was an iterative process which progressively developed to deliver a more usable and efficient format for clinicians. 

3. Main Findings

In the latest six month period (1 October 2023 to 31 March 2024), there were three prescriptions for mefloquine. The six-monthly average for all-type antimalarials prescribed over the five-year period 1 April 2018 – 31 March 2023 was 4,223. Therefore, mefloquine prescriptions would account for 0.1% of all antimalarials prescribed. This percentage has remained the same as the previous six months (1 April 2023 to 30 September 2023).

Of the three prescriptions made for mefloquine between 1 October 2023 and 31 March 2024:

  • two (67%) had a record of a face-to-face risk assessment prior to, or at the time of, prescription.

  • two (67%) had an alternative antimalarial drug offered but the patient declined it.

Between 12 September 2016 (the introduction of the new policy and data capture techniques) and 31 March 2024, there was a total of 276 prescriptions made for mefloquine.

Of these:

  • 243 (88%) had a record of a face-to-face risk assessment prior to, or at the time of prescription.

  • 203 (74%) had an alternative antimalarial drug offered but the patient declined it. In addition, five patients (accounting for six prescriptions) were contraindicated against alternatives and therefore other antimalarial drugs may not have been suitable.

Please note that these figures are a minimum. It is possible that risk assessments were completed, and alternatives to mefloquine offered, that were recorded as free text in the medical records instead of coded data. DPHC continue to carefully monitor the prescribing of mefloquine in line with policy.

Please note, numbers for the period 12 September 2016 to 31 March 2024 use coded data from the electronic medical record. Additionally, numbers between 12 September 2016 and 31 December 2016 include data collated manually through a clinical audit of prescriptions by a clinician confirming that a risk assessment was completed, or alternative drug was offered.

DMICP is a live data source and is subject to change due to late reporting. Therefore, the total number of mefloquine prescriptions may not simply be derived by adding together the total number of prescriptions in the previous official statistic to the total number of prescriptions in the latest six months of monitoring (1 October 2023 to 31 March 2024). If you require the total number of mefloquine prescriptions made between 12 September 2016 and 31 March 2024, use the figures presented in this report.

4. Methodology

This section provides a brief summary of the methodology and data sources; more detailed information is available in the Background Quality Report for this bulletin.

Data on prescriptions for mefloquine were extracted from the electronic patient medical record data warehouse (DMICP). Data were extracted as at 26 April 2024. The rollout of DMICP commenced during 2007 and comprises an integrated primary Health Record (iHR) for clinical use and a pseudo-anonymised central data warehouse. Prior to DMICP, medical records were kept locally at each individual medical centre. By 2010 DMICP was fully available in the UK and the majority of Germany. Rollout to other overseas locations commenced in November 2011.

The information presented relates to the number of mefloquine prescriptions. Individuals may have received more than one prescription during the reporting period.

A patient was categorised as having received a face-to-face risk assessment if coded data denoting this was entered into DMICP on the day of, or at a date prior to, the prescription being made. This is also true for the categorisation of an alternative antimalarial being offered.

In December 2016 a three-month review was carried out for records where a prescription of mefloquine was identified but there was no coded data relating to a risk assessment or alternative drug offered.  When a clinician confirmed that a face-to-face risk assessment had been carried out or alternative drug offered, these records were counted towards the number of prescriptions which had a face-to-face risk assessment and/or alternative drug offered.

The prescription data presented was based on personnel who have been prescribed the drug; it does not reflect whether the individual has taken the drug.

The data presented was reviewed in line with Statistical Disclosure Control, JSP200 – Statistics.  Following a risk assessment, it was concluded that there was a low risk for disclosure of medical information and high demand from the public for the release of small numbers, hence the decision to present all the numbers without Statistical Disclosure Control processes.

5. Glossary

Adverse reactions – Also known as side effects, are unwanted symptoms caused by medical treatment.

Chemoprophylaxis – Taking of medication to prevent disease rather than treat it.

Contraindication – A contraindication is a specific situation in which a drug, procedure, or surgery should not be used because it may be harmful to the person.

Defence Medical Information Capability Programme (DMICP) – The DMICP programme commenced during 2007 and comprises an integrated primary Health Record (iHR) for clinical use and a pseudo-anonymised central data warehouse.

Febrile Illness – Fever; a fever is the body’s way of reacting to something abnormal in the body. Fevers can be caused by a number of conditions including: infections, reactions to medications, reactions to blood transfusions, cancer, or autoimmune diseases, or in the case of malaria, a protozoan parasite called Plasmodium.

Intolerance – An inability to take a drug without adverse effects.

Malaria – Malaria is a mosquito-borne infectious disease of humans and other animals caused by parasitic protozoans (a group of single-celled microorganisms) belonging to the genus Plasmodium.

Mefloquine Hydrochloride – Mefloquine is used to prevent or treat certain types of malaria. It is used to prevent malaria where there is a high risk of chloroquine resistant malaria.

Pseudo-anonymised – The alternative identifying value that replaces clear identifiers (e.g. name, service number) in order to bear no overt relationship to the true values. Consequently, linkage back to the original data or to another pseudo-anonymised copy from the same source can be achieved with, and only with, knowledge of the pseudo-anonymised key or algorithm. This allows legitimate linking of data sets and other information but prevents inappropriate or unauthorised access to the identifiable records.

6. Further Information

6.1 Audit of mefloquine prescriptions for Op HERRICK, Afghanistan

The results of an audit of mefloquine prescriptions given to personnel deployed on Op HERRICK to Afghanistan were released as part of a previous official statistic published in May 2017.

6.2 Advisory Committee on Malaria Prevention (ACMP)

The ACMP provides guidelines for health professionals on the prevention of malaria for travellers from the UK. More information can be found here.

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