Official Statistics

National non-domestic rates collected by councils in England: 2023 to 2024 technical notes

Updated 6 August 2024

Applies to England

1. Data Collection

All 296 billing authorities that were in existence in 2023-24 in England were required to complete the NNDR3 form to show their out-turn figures for national non-domestic rates that they collected in 2023-24.

Provisional NNDR3 forms were submitted by all of the 296 billing authorities in England between April and July 2024. These forms were submitted prior to being passed to the authority’s auditors for certification. They have been approved by the Chief Financial Officer or Section 151 Officer to confirm that the form had been completed in accordance with schedule 7B of the Local Government Finance Act 1988 and the regulations made under it.

Authorities are then asked to submit final (certified) copies of their NNDR3 form, again approved by their Chief Financial Officer after they have been approved by auditors. This time, authorities are confirming that the amounts shown on the form were not only in accordance with schedule 7B of the Local Government Finance Act 1988 and the regulations made under it, but were also consistent with the amounts shown for non-domestic rates in their audited Statement of Accounts.

Final returns are those that have been submitted following an audit of their accounts. Where audit of accounts for 2023-24 have not yet been completed, we will publish data based on authorities’ provisional unaudited accounts. In this release, all of the returns were provisional prior to audit of accounts. We will update this data release in due course when finalised figures are available. However, we do not expect any major change in these figures.

2. Data Quality

2.1 Things to note in this release

The data returns from all 296 local authorities were provisional data prior to an audit of accounts. These returns have been approved by the Chief Financial Officer to confirm that the form had been completed in accordance with schedule 7B of the Local Government Finance Act 1988 and the regulations made under it. These data are still reliable as they are a reflection of the authorities’ pre-audit accounts. While in most cases there are no differences between provisional and final data, changes can be submitted and so national figures may be amended until all final returns are made.

2.2 Assessment of data quality

This statistical release contains Official Statistics and as such has been produced to the high professional standards set out in the Code of Practice for Statistics. Official Statistics products undergo regular quality assurance reviews to ensure that they meet customer demands.

Figures are subjected to rigorous pre-defined validation tests both within the form itself, while the form is being completed by the authority and also by the Ministry of Housing, Communities & Local Government (MHCLG) as the data are received and stored.

Finally, the release document, once prepared, is also subject to intensive peer review before being cleared as fit for the purposes of publication.

Operational context and administrative data collection

The information in this release is based on data returned to MHCLG by billing authorities in England on the National non-domestic rates (NNDR3) forms. Provisional forms are signed by Chief Finance Officers as correct, and final forms are received once accounts have been certified by auditors. The final forms are also signed by Chief Finance Officers as correct. The data will be used to calculate the entitlement that individual local authorities might have to safety net payments, as well as the levy payments they are required to make. It also informs other payments that need to be made under the business rates retention scheme, both between billing authorities and major precepting authorities, and between MHCLG and local authorities. This effectively ensures a 100% response rate (either provisional or final returns) before the data are used for payments.

3. Definitions

A list of terms relating to local government finance is given in the glossary at Annex G of Local Government Finance Statistics England No 24 2014.

The most relevant terms for this release are explained below.

Appeals provision – The owner/occupier of a hereditament will often appeal against the rateable value placed on their property. Under the business rates retention scheme, local authorities are required to make a provision for the amount that they expect to have to repay to rate payers following successful appeals.

Billing authority – a local authority empowered to collect non-domestic rates. In England, shire and metropolitan districts, the Council of the Isles of Scilly, unitary authorities, London boroughs and the City of London are billing authorities. In 2023-24, there were 296 billing authorities in England.

Business rates – a tax on the occupation of non-domestic property in England (and Scotland and Wales), based on the notional annual rent for a property on the open market, known as the Rateable Value. This is also called National non-domestic rates.

Business rates retention scheme – This commenced in 2013 and local authorities in England now receive a share of the business rates they collect in their local area. The scheme requires all billing authorities to submit two forms to the department: a forecast of the business rates they expect to collect in a given financial year in the January preceding it (NNDR1); and the actual business rates that they collected during the financial year in the September following it (NNDR3). The data from these forms is used to inform payments between central and local government.

Central share payments – under the business rates retention scheme, local authorities retain at least 50% of the business rates they collect. The remaining percentage share is passed to central government as the central share. Billing authorities will make their central share payments to central government over the course of the financial year. Since 1 April 2017 local authorities in Devolution Deal areas e.g. Greater Manchester, Merseyside, West Midlands, West Country and Cornwall have retained 100% of business rates i.e. central share 0%. In 2018-19, London Boroughs and a number of other authorities took part in a pilot to retain 100% of their business rates (with no central share). In 2019-20, London Boroughs and a number of other authorities took part in a pilot to retain 75% of their business rates (central share was reduced to 25%). These pilots were for one year only.

Charity relief – a relief within the business rates system that can be granted registered charities.

Community Amateur Sports Clubs (CASC) relief – a relief within the business rates system that can be granted to community and amateur sports clubs.

Designated Area – an Enterprise Zone or a New Development Deal.

Discretionary relief – in addition to mandatory reliefs, local authorities have the power to award relief at their discretion provided the hereditaments meet locally set criteria. The current categories of discretionary relief are shown in Table 2 of this release.

Enterprise Zones – specific areas where a combination of financial incentives and reduced planning restrictions apply. Enterprise Zones benefit from:

• a business rate discount for a five year period up to state aid de minimis levels;
• all business rates growth above a baseline defined in legislation within the zone for a period of at least 25 years will be retained by the local area, to support the Local Economic Partnership’s economic priorities;

Empty Property Rates – business rates charged on an unoccupied property – i.e. charge to the owner of a property which is on the rating list but which has no business tenant.

Empty Property Rate relief – a relief within the business rates system that can be granted to the owner of an unoccupied property. Properties can claim 100% relief for the first 3 months (or 6 months for industrial properties) of being empty, after which they are liable for full rates. A hereditament with a rateable value of £2,900 or less is classed as “a small property” and following the initial rate-free period, continues to receive 100% relief.

From October 2013, the Government introduced a temporary measure for unoccupied new builds which granted empty property relief for up to 18 months (up to state aid limits) where the property came on to the list between 1 October 2013 and 30 September 2016. The 18 month period includes the initial 3 or 6 month exemption and so properties may, if unoccupied, be exempt from non-domestic rates for up to an extra 15 or 12 months. Costs against this relief in this release relate only to payments that have been made after this relief had ended, but that would have been awarded in this period.

Hereditament – the legal name for the unit of non-domestic property that is, or may become, liable to national non-domestic rates, and thus appears on the rating list. The list is compiled and maintained by the Valuation Office Agency (VOA). These can include pylons, telephone boxes, advertising hoardings as well as offices, shops, warehouses, factories, and public buildings like hospitals and schools. A hereditament may be several buildings together, such as a university campus or just one office in a block. There are approximately 2 million hereditaments in England.

Local list – local rating lists include not only non-domestic hereditaments but also Crown properties, such as central government hereditaments and Ministry of Defence establishments. The income from properties on local rating lists is collected by billing authorities and a proportion is retained as part of the business rates retention scheme.

Mandatory relief – hereditaments are automatically entitled to relief for all or part of their rates bill provided they meet the criteria set down in legislation. The current categories of mandatory relief are shown in Table 2 of this release.

National Multiplier – the figure used to calculate a non-domestic rates bill from the rateable value. The rateable value times the multiplier gives the notional rates liability. The figure is set annually by the Government and reflects the change in the Consumer Price Index in September of the previous year. (See Small Business Multiplier). In 2014-15 and 2015-16 the Government capped the increase in the multiplier at 2% to provide business rate payers with additional support. In 2021-22, 2022-23 and 2023-24 the Government froze the multiplier. The standard multiplier includes a supplement which funds small business rate relief. The multiplier for 2023-24 was £0.512 (i.e. 49.9p + 1.3p).

NNDR – national non-domestic rates – see Business Rates.

Rateable value (RV) – the legal term for the notional annual rent of a hereditament, assessed by the VOA. Every property has a rateable value that is based, broadly, on the annual rent that the property could have been let for on the open market at a particular date (currently using a list compiled for 1 April 2017). The RV is used in determining the rates liability, and therefore the bill.

Renewable Energy schemes – From 1 April 2013, local authorities are allowed to retain up to 100% of business rates from new renewable energy projects.

Revaluation – the rateable value of a property is generally re-assessed every five years, at revaluation, to ensure changes in property market rent values are taken into account. Rateable values will go both up and down at revaluation, in comparison to the average but revaluation does not raise extra money for Government. At revaluation, the multiplier is amended to ensure that nationally, no additional revenue other than that which would have been due allowing for inflation, is collected.

The current revaluation applies from 1 April 2017.

Rural Rate Relief – relief within the business rates system to help retain essential commercial services in rural areas. Mandatory Rural Rate Relief is available for a sole shop, general store or post office in a defined rural area with a maximum RV of £8,500 or a sole petrol filling station or pub with a maximum RV of £12,500.

Section 31 (S31) grants – this refers to Section 31 of the Local Government Finance Act 2003 which makes it possible for government to pay local authorities grants towards their activities which are not covered by existing payment schedules or methods. Because relief is granted in respect of previous years, section 31 grants can be paid in respect of reliefs that are no longer granted, which is why this covers multiple reliefs which expired before financial year 2023-24.

Section 31 grants were paid to local authorities in 2023-24 for the following measures (from Table 3 in the main release):

a) the cap on the increase in the small business multiplier to 2% in 2014-15 and 2015-16, the change from RPI and CPI from 2018-19, and the freezing of the multiplier in 2021-22 and 2022-23;
b) the doubling of Small Business Rate Relief and changes in thresholds;
c) public lavatories relief was introduced in 2021. It provides a 100% relief to public lavatories, and applies retrospectively from 1 April 2020; d) ratepayers continuing to receive their Small Business Rate relief for 12 months when they take on an additional property which would normally disqualify them from receiving the relief;
e) empty new build properties (that were completed between 1 October 2013 and 30 September 2016) were exempt from empty property rates for 18 months. This relief is no longer available;
f) 50 per cent business rates relief for 18 months for businesses that - between 1 April 2014 and 31 March 2016 - moved into retail premises that had been empty for a year or more. This relief is no longer available;
g) a discount of £1,000 for shops, pubs and restaurants with a rateable value of £50,000 or less for two years, from 1 April 2014. This relief was changed to £1,500 for 2015-16. This relief was temporary and is no longer available;
h) compensation for the cost of discounts given to eligible businesses as a result of the floods that occurred in 2019-20 and in 2023-24 as part of the flood recovery framework;
i) the doubling of rural rate relief with effect from 1 April 2017;
j) a discount of £1,500 on office space occupied by local newspapers for two years from 1 April 2017. This was due to end after an extension into 2020-21, but was extended further to end March 2025; k) transitional relief compensation to be paid in 2016-17. This is in lieu of relief authorities expect to grant businesses to compensate for the transitional relief they would have received, had the transitional arrangements not ended;
l) supporting small businesses relief was made available to those ratepayers losing small business or rural rate relief due to the revaluation for five years from 1 April 2017 to 31 March 2022. In the Autumn Budget 2021, this was extended to financial year 2022-23, during which it also includes relief given in lieu of transitional relief that authorities would have otherwise received had the transitional arrangements not ended;
m) discretionary scheme relief is administered by billing authorities, for four years from 1 April 2017 to 31 March 2021, to be applied according to their own framework. This relief was temporary and is no longer available;
n) pub relief is a scheme that allows up to £1,000 relief to be administered to pubs. This was introduced from 1 April 2017 and ended on 31 March 2019. This relief was temporary and is no longer available;
o) any pilot authority that would have been entitled to compensation for reliefs given in Enterprise Zones will no longer be able to make a deduction from the central share for the sums due;
p) telecomms relief was applied from 1 April 2017 and ran for 5 years. It was administrated by Valuation Office Agency (VOA) who notified authorities of rateable value for any new eligible telecomm fibre. This relief was temporary and is no longer available;
q) retail, hospitality and leisure relief relief came into effect from 1 April 2019 and was for two years. It allowed a third off bills for occupied eligible retail hereditaments with rateable values under £51,000. In 2020-21 this was expanded in response to the coronavirus pandemic to provide a 100% relief to all retail, hospitality and leisure businesses. In 2021-22 the relief was changed to give a 100% discount for the first three months and then a 66% discount for the remaining months with a cap on the relief for each business of £105,000 per business, or £2 million per business where the business is in occupation of a property that was required, or would have been required, to close, based on the law and guidance applicable on 5 January 2021. In 2022-23 it was a 50% discount with a cap on the relief of £110,000 per business and in 2023-24 it was 75% with the same cash cap;
r) nursery relief was announced from 1 April covering financial year 2020-2021. This granted 100% business rates relief for all hereditaments providing Early Years, or mainly used for the provision of Early Years Foundation Stage education. The reliefs was continued in 2021-22, though they only gave 100% business rates relief for the first three months of the financial year (April to June) and 66% for the remainder of the year. The relief was temporary and is no longer available;
s) the COVID-19 additional relief fund (CARF) was announced in March 2021 in response to the coronavirus pandemic which allows authorities to grant discretionary relief to businesses affected by the pandemic and guidance relating to the relief was published in December 2021. While this relief was only available to reduce chargeable amounts in respect of financial year 2021-22, much of it was be granted in 2022-23 in respect of 2021-22. The NNDR3 for 2021-22 only reflects the amounts of CARF relief granted in 2021-22, and any amounts granted in subsequent years will be reflected in those years’ NNDR3 releases. This means a majority of the CARF relief granted in respect of 2021-22 appears in respect of previous years in 2022-23, and hence the Section 31 payment is due in and shown in the table 3 for 2022-23 while the relief is shown in respect of previous years in table 2;
t) low carbon heat networks relief was announced in October 2021 and confirmed for the financial year 2022-23 in the 2022 Spring Statement. It provides a 100% relief to low-carbon heat networks which have their own ratings bill;
u) Freeports relief was announced in March 2021. It provides 100% business rates relief to businesses in Freeports. On Table 2 of the release, this comes under ‘other discretionary relief’, but authorities are reimbursed with section 31 grants for relief granted and so Freeports relief is specifically included in Table 3;
v) For freeports that are not included in the Designated Areas, authorities were compensated for any growth above the baseline in Freeport areas with a section 31 grant

Section 47 (S47) – this refers to Section 47 of the Local Government Finance Act 1988 which has been amended by Section 69 of Localism Act 2011 to allow authorities greater scope to award locally funded discretionary discounts.

Small Business Rate Relief scheme (also known as SBRR) – a scheme that provides a relief within the business rates system that can be granted to small businesses.

Until 1 April 2024, this relief was primarily funded by a supplement (1.3p in 2023-24 included in the National Multiplier, which is used to calculate the rates liability for business with a rateable value greater than £51,000. In addition, businesses that fail other criteria are also liable for the supplement to fund the scheme (see table below).

The additional costs arising from this change in the scheme are being met by the Government (see Table 3 above). From 2010 to 2017 this was a temporary doubling. From 2017-18 this is a permanent change. In addition, in 2017-18 thresholds changed for those eligible to the relief. These are shown in the table below.

Rateable Value range	Multiplier payable	Relief Granted	Note
Below £12,000	Small business rate multiplier 2023-24: 49.9	100% rate relief on liability	This relief is only available for: -one property; -one main property and other additional properties, according to certain conditions. If these conditions cannot be met then the property is liable for the national non-domestic multiplier.
Between £12,001 and £15,000	Small business rate multiplier 2023-24: 49.9	Relief is on a declining sliding scale from 100% to zero	This relief is only available for: -one property; -one main property and other additional properties, according to certain conditions. If these conditions cannot be met then the property is liable for the national non-domestic multiplier.
Up to £51,000	Small business rate multiplier 2023-24: 49.9	No relief granted but bills calculated using the small business multiplier	This relief is only available for: -one property; -one main property and other additional properties, according to certain conditions. If these conditions cannot be met then the property is liable for the national non-domestic multiplier.
Rest	National non-domestic rate multiplier 2023-24: 51.2		The Small Business Rate Relief scheme is funded by businesses that pay the national non-domestic rates multiplier

Small Business Multiplier – the small business multiplier excludes the supplement which funds the Small Business Rate relief scheme. The figure is set annually by the Government and (until 2018-19) reflected the change in the Retail Price Index in September of the previous year except in 2014-15 and 2015-16 when the Government capped the increase in the multiplier at 2% to provide business rate payers with additional support. From 2018-19, the multiplier reflected the change in the Consumer Price Index in September of the previous year. The small business multiplier for 2023-24 is £0.499.

Transitional protection payments – to cancel out the effects of transitional relief arrangements that follow a revaluation (see transitional relief below), transitional protection payments are made between central government and billing authorities. In 2022-23, these only apply in respect of previous years due to the expiration of the transitional relief scheme.

Transitional Relief – when the rateable value of properties are reassessed (see Revaluation above), transitional arrangements are in place which moderate significant changes in bills following revaluation. Until 2023-24, the arrangements applied to both increases and decreases in bills, with the transitional scheme was designed to be revenue neutral over the life of the scheme. This revenue neutrality was achieved by phasing in both the decreases in the rate bills of those who benefit from revaluation, and the increases in the rates bills of those who face higher rates bills due to revaluation.

The previous transitional relief scheme following the 2017 revaluation was designed to phase in significant changes in bills over a maximum of five years from 1 April 2017 and therefore expired before 2022-23. Authorities were compensated for any transitional relief given in 2022-23 only through the Supporting Small Business Scheme relief.

Starting from April 2023, following the 2023 revaluation, the transitional scheme no longer covered phasing in decreases in the rate bills of those who benefit from revaluation, and only covered phasing in of increases in rates bills.

4. Revisions Policy

This policy has been developed in accordance with the UK Statistics Authority’s Code of Practice for Statistics and the Department for Levelling Up, Housing and Communities Revisions Policy.

It covers two types of revisions that the policy covers, as follow:

4.1 Non-scheduled revisions

Where a substantial error has occurred as a result of the compilation, imputation or dissemination process, the statistical release, live tables and other accompanying releases will be updated with a correction notice as soon as is practical.

4.2 Scheduled revisions

This release was originally published on 10 July 2024. In August 2024 the release was revised to include data for one local authority whose data was not returned in time for the initial publication in July 2024, as well as revisions for several other authorities. We intend to publish further revisions of this release when post-audit data becomes available. That update to the release is expected to be in January 2025.

5. Other Information

5.1 Uses of the data

In addition to the use described in data quality, the data in this statistical release are used to inform government policy on national non-domestic rates and will feed into safety net and levy payments. It also allows for monitoring of the results of any policy or financial changes to non-domestic rates or reliefs.

Data from the NNDR3 form feed into forecasts of public finance which are compiled by the Office for Budget Responsibility. Local authorities and their associations also use the data to make comparisons between authorities. Finally, the data are used in various information requests.

The full set of data are available for each year.

5.2 Devolved administration statistics

Both the Scottish Government and the Welsh Assembly Government also collect non-domestic rates data. Their information can be found at the following websites:

• Scotland: http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Topics/Statistics/Browse/Local-Government-Finance
• Wales:
  • In English: https://www.gov.wales/non-domestic-rates
  • In Welsh: https://www.llyw.cymru/ardrethi-annomestig

5.3 User engagement

Users are encouraged to provide feedback on how these statistics are used and how well they meet user needs. Comments on any issues relating to this statistical release are welcomed and should be sent to nndr.statistics@levellingup.gov.uk.

The Department’s engagement strategy to meet the needs of statistics users is published online.