3. Vocational driving tests
Guidance for driving examiners carrying out medium and large goods vehicle and passenger carrying vehicle tests.
This chapter contains detailed guidance on the conduct of Medium and Large Goods Vehicle & Passenger Carrying Vehicle driving tests. Guidance, which applies to either LGV or PCV tests only, is annotated accordingly.
Driving tests are conducted in accordance with the provisions of the Motor Vehicles (Driving Licences) Regulations and EU Directive 2003/59/EC (as retained). Test candidates must satisfy the examiner as to their ability to carry out properly the activities and perform competently, without danger to and with due consideration for other road users, the manoeuvres below.
Category C1/C driving test requirements:
- vehicle safety checks: 5 vehicle check questions, including 3 “show me” questions and 2 “tell me” questions
- at least 60 minutes on the road and approximately 10 minutes of independent driving
- set exercises:
- uphill start
- downhill start
- controlled stop (angle start)
- stops:
- 2 normal stops
Category C1+E/C+E driving test requirements
For candidates Following the staging licence process:
- vehicle safety checks: 2 vehicle check questions, including 1 “show me” question and 1 “tell me” question
- at least 60 minutes on the road and approximately 10 minutes of independent driving
- set exercises:
- uphill start
- downhill start
- controlled stop (angle start)
- stops:
- 2 normal stops
For candidates without following the staging licence process (C or C1 Initially):
- vehicle Safety Checks: 5 vehicle check questions, including 3 “show me” questions and 2 “tell me” questions
- at least 60 minutes on the road and approximately 10 minutes of independent driving
- set exercises:
- uphill start
- downhill start
- controlled stop (angle start)
- stops:
- 2 normal stops
Category D1/D driving test requirements
- safety questions: 3 safety questions covering fuel cut off, fire extinguisher, and emergency door
- vehicle safety checks: 5 vehicle check questions, including 3 “show me” questions and 2 “tell me” questions
- at least 60 minutes on the road and approximately 10 minutes of independent driving
- set Exercises:
- uphill start
- downhill start
- controlled stop (angle start)
- stops:
- 2 bus stops
- 2 normal stops
Category D1+E/D+E driving test requirements
For candidates following the staging licence process
- safety questions: 3 safety questions covering fuel cut off, fire extinguisher, and emergency door
- vehicle safety checks: 2 vehicle check questions, including 1 “show me” question and 1 “tell me” question
- at least 60 minutes on the road and approximately 10 minutes of independent driving
- set exercises:
- uphill start
- downhill start
- controlled stop (angle start)
- stops:
-2 bus stops
- 2 normal stops
For candidates without following the staging licence process (D or D1 Initially)
- safety Questions: 3 safety questions covering fuel cut off, fire extinguisher, and emergency door
- vehicle Safety Checks: 5 vehicle check questions, including 3 “show me” questions and 2 “tell me” questions
- at least 60 minutes on the road and approximately 10 minutes of independent driving
- set exercises:
- uphill start
- downhill start
- controlled stop (angle start)
- stops:
- 2 bus stops
- 2 normal stops
Test candidates must demonstrate competence in their ability to complete, without danger to and with due consideration for other road users, the following:
- answer vehicle safety check questions
Preparation to drive:
- adjust the seat as necessary to obtain a correct seated position
- adjust rear-view mirrors and seat belts
- check that the doors are closed
Technical control of the vehicle:
- start the engine and move off smoothly (uphill and downhill as well as on the flat)
- accelerate to a suitable speed while maintaining a straight course, including during gear-changes
- adjust speed to negotiate left or right turns at junctions, possibly in restricted spaces, while maintaining control of the vehicle
- brake accurately to a stop where directed, if need be by performing an emergency stop
- reverse in an ‘S’ shaped curve
Behaviour in traffic:
- observe (including the use of the rear-view mirrors) road alignment, markings, signs and potential or actual risks
- communicate with other road users using the authorised means
- react appropriately in actual risk situations
- comply with road traffic regulations and the instruction of the police and traffic controllers
- move off from the kerb or a parking space
- drive with the vehicle correctly positioned on the road, adjusting speed to traffic conditions and the line of the road
- keep the right distance between vehicles
- change lanes
- pass parked or stationary vehicles and obstacles
- approach and cross junctions
- turn right and left at junctions or to leave the carriageway
Where the opportunity arises:
- pass oncoming vehicles, including in confined spaces
- overtake in various situations
- approach and cross level-crossings
Trailers:
- un-couple and re-couple trailer or semi-trailer from and to the tractor vehicle
- vehicle Safety
- show awareness of vehicle safety measures and be able to operate safety systems.
It is important that, unless the test is terminated, the minimum driving times are strictly adhered to. Regulations state that the time during which a person is required to drive on the road is not less than 60 minutes in the case of a test for a licence authorising the driving of a class C1, C1+E, C, C+E, D1, D1+E, D, D+E.
All vehicles must comply with the following MTV requirements to be suitable for test:
Category C1
- MAM* 4 tonnes
- Cargo compartment: Closed box construction at least as wide and as high as the cab
- RTM** Not applicable
- ABS: Yes
- Tacho: Yes
- Length: 5 metres
- Width (metres): Not applicable
- Speed km/h: 80
Category C1+E
- MAM* 4 tonnes + 2 tonne trailer
- Cargo compartment/trailer: Closed box construction category C1 vehicle with a closed box trailer at least as wide and as high as the cab. The trailer can be slightly less wide than the towing vehicle but rear view must be through external mirrors only
- RTM** 800kg for the trailer
- Load Requirement: 600kg of aggregates such as sand, stone chippings, gravel or any other recycled material packaged in sealed transparent bags. All bags must weigh the same and be at least 10kg. You can also use a single bag if it weighs 600kg or 1,000kg. Or alternatively: one intermediate bulk container constructed of moulded plastic or steel of 1,000kg or 600kg capacity when filled with water
- ABS: Yes
- Tacho: Yes
- Length: 8 metres
- Width (metres): Not applicable
- Speed km/h: 80
Category C
- MAM* 12 tonnes
- Cargo compartment: Closed box construction at least as wide and as high as the cab
- RTM** 10 tonnes
- Load Requirement: Five 1000 litre IBCs
- ABS: Yes
- Tacho: Yes
- Length: 8 metres
- Width (metres): 2.4 metres
- Speed km/h: 80
Category C+E drawbar (cat. C towing vehicle)
- MAM* 20 tonnes
- Cargo compartment: Closed box construction at least as wide and as high as the cab
- RTM** 15 tonnes
- Load Requirement: Towing vehicle - five 1000 litre IBCs. Trailer - three 1000 litre IBCs
- ABS: Yes
- Tacho: Yes
- Length: 14 metres. Trailer at least 7.5 metres
- Width (metres): 2.4 metres
- Speed km/h: 80
Category C+E articulated
- MAM* 20 tonnes
- Cargo compartment: Closed box construction at least as wide and as high as the cab
- RTM** 15 tonnes
- Load Requirement: Eight 1000 litre IBCs
- ABS: Yes
- Tacho: Yes
- Length: 14 metres
- Width (metres): 2.4 metres
- Speed km/h: 80
Category D1
- MAM* 4 tonnes
- 9 - 16 passenger seats
- Cargo compartment: Not applicable
- RTM** Not applicable
- ABS: Yes
- Tacho: Yes
- Length: 5 metres
- Width (metres): Not applicable
- Speed km/h: 80
Category D1+E (cat. D1 towing vehicle)
- MAM* 4 tonnes + 1.25 tonne trailer
- Cargo compartment: Closed box trailer at least 2m high and 2m wide
- RTM** 800kg for the trailer
- Load Requirement: 600kg of aggregates such as sand, stone chippings, gravel or any other recycled material packaged in sealed transparent bags. All bags must weigh the same and be at least 10kg. You can also use a single bag if it weighs 600kg or 1,000kg. Or alternatively: one intermediate bulk container constructed of moulded plastic or steel of 1,000kg or 600kg capacity when filled with water
- ABS: Yes
- Tacho: Yes
- Length: Not applicable
- Width (metres): Not applicable
- Speed km/h: 80
Category D
- MAM* Not applicable
- Cargo compartment: Not applicable
- RTM** Not applicable
- ABS: Yes
- Tacho: Yes
- Length: 10 metres
- Width (metres): 2.4 metres
- Speed km/h: 80
Category D+E (cat. D towing vehicle)
- MAM* 1.25 tonnes for the trailer
- Cargo compartment: Closed box trailer at least 2m wide and 2m high
- RTM** 800kg for the trailer
- Load Requirement: 600kg of aggregates such as sand, stone chippings, gravel or any other recycled material packaged in sealed transparent bags. All bags must weigh the same and be at least 10kg. You can also use a single bag if it weighs 600kg or 1,000kg. Or alternatively: one intermediate bulk container constructed of moulded plastic or steel of 1,000kg or 600kg capacity when filled with water
- ABS: Yes
- Tacho: Yes
- Length: Not applicable
- Width (metres): 2.4 metres
- Speed km/h: 80
There is no requirement for 8-forward gear ratios for categories C and C+E.
Key:
- MAM*: Maximum Authorised Mass = the maximum permissible weight of the vehicle or trailer or vehicle/trailer combination
- RTM**: Real Total Mass = the actual weight of the vehicle or trailer or vehicle/trailer combination when presented for test
Test vehicles used for large vehicle and vehicle-trailer combination tests (bus/lorry) must be fitted with external nearside and offside mirrors for use by the driving examiner during the test. Mirror Cam, which is a mirror replacement system, typically replaces the requirement to have an additional mirror for the driving examiner. Seatbelts for the examiner and any supervising officer must be fitted to lorries used for test, including with-trailer
Fire service exemption to minimum test vehicle requirement:
Exceptionally, for category C practical tests, regulations allow fire brigades to use either:
- the standard vehicle MTV as described above
- a fire tender completely filled with water - as indicated by the water gauge
If, while under the control of the fire service, a fire tender is presented for test filled with water, it must be accepted. Fire tenders are not acceptable for test if used by anybody other than the fire service (normal MTVs apply). If you’re in any doubt about the validity of a fire service test, contact delegated.testing@dvsa.gov.uk
Vehicles and trailers must be laden in accordance with the minimum test vehicle requirements detailed above. Exceptionally, it may be necessary for an examiner to check a load to ensure it meets the test requirement. If this is necessary, the examiner should ask the candidate or the accompanying driver to enable the load to be seen. The examiner must not physically open, or assist in opening, any vehicle or trailer, or operate any tail lift in order to gain access to a load. Under no circumstances should an examiner enter a vehicle or trailer loading area to check a load. Any viewing must be made from a point completely separate (detached) from the vehicle or trailer. If an examiner is trained to use an A-frame set of steps, they can be used but mustn’t be propped against or touching the vehicle. If it’s clear that a vehicle/trailer doesn’t comply with the load requirement, the examiner must explain to the candidate that they’re unable to conduct the test. Small, properly secured articles such as tarpaulins, cones - and equipment such as cookers and fridges, fitted in recreational vehicles, for example motorhomes , and other integral factory-fitted equipment - should not be regarded as a load.
The maximum permitted length of a drawbar outfit on the road is 18.75 metres. When setting out the area to accommodate a vehicle of this length, the distance between cones A-A1 and cone B MUST be twice the length of the outfit. The bay should be set out as normal.
The area is 66 metres in length and this length can accommodate vehicles up to 16.5 metres. For vehicles over 16.5 and up to 18.75 metres, cones A-A1 should be set on the yellow line and cone B should be positioned 2 vehicle lengths away. This will mean that for these large vehicles the overall length of the area will be less than 4 times the length of the outfit.
Candidates attending for category D1 and C1+E tests who previously held D1 (restriction 101) or C1+E through acquired rights must take the appropriate theory test before they are entitled to take the practical test. In such instances ‘Check’ should appear on the journal, if confirmation cannot be obtained from either CSU or the theory test hotline before the test slot, the candidate should be asked to produce a valid theory test certificate or the test must be terminated.
To pass the test, a candidate must demonstrate a high standard of competence in handling the vehicle. The candidate must also be able to apply the rules of the Highway Code. They must show that, generally, they have a full understanding of the principles involved in driving large goods or passenger-carrying vehicles and of the application of those principles and can demonstrate proper control in a wide variety of situations.
In addition, because of the size and weight of their vehicle, the drivers of lorries and buses must have a highly developed level of courtesy and consideration for other road users. The test will also include a section of independent driving where the candidate is asked to follow traffic signs or verbal directions or a combination of both.
When using the Digital Test Report, it is specific to the candidate and test category. The digital journal contains further information relating to the candidate. This information can be accessed by selecting the candidate’s name on the journal. This must be done if there is a yellow exclamation marker next to the candidate’s name, ensuring the examiner is aware of any relevant information prior to the test.
Module 3a tests:
- control: incorrect use of controls and/or inaccuracy and inability to complete the exercise in a reasonable time
- observation: lack of effective all-round observation
- coupling exercise: Incorrect/unsafe uncoupling/coupling procedure
Module 3b tests:
-vehicle checks: incorrect answer to vehicle check questions
- show me / tell me: incorrect answer to safety check questions
- Highway Code / safety: for categories F/G/H only. (PCV only) - incorrect answers to three safety questions
- PCV door exercise: any faults regarding safe practice at bus stops should be marked here
Control:
- accelerator: uncontrolled or harsh use of the accelerator
- clutch: uncontrolled use of clutch
- gears: failure to engage appropriate gear for road and traffic conditions. Coasting in neutral or with clutch pedal depressed
- footbrake: late and/or harsh use of footbrake
- parking brake: failure to apply or release the handbrake correctly and when necessary.
- steering: erratic steering, overshooting the correct turning point when turning right or left, both hands off steering wheel or hitting the kerb
Precautions:
- failure to take proper precautions before starting engine
Ancillary controls:
- failure to use ancillary controls when necessary
Move off:
- safely: failure to take effective observation before moving off, including the correct use of signals
- control: inability to move off smoothly, straight ahead, at an angle, or on a gradient
Use of mirrors:
- failure to make effective use of the mirrors well before:
- signalling
- changing direction
- changing speed
Signals:
- necessary: Necessary signal omitted
- correctly: Incorrect or misleading signal. Failure to cancel direction indicators
- timed: Signal incorrectly timed so as to be either misleading or too late to be of value
Junctions:
- approach speed: approaching junctions at a proper speed; either too fast or too slow, for whatever reason
- observations: Not taking effective observation before emerging
- turning right: Late or incorrect positioning before turning right, including failing to move forward into the correct position to turn right at traffic lights
- turning left: Positioning too close or too far from the kerb before turning left
- cutting corners: Cutting right hand corners, particularly where the view is limited
Judgement:
- overtaking: attempting to overtake unsafely or cutting in after overtaking
- meeting: failure to show proper judgement when meeting approaching traffic
- crossing: turning right across the path of oncoming traffic
Positioning:
- normal driving: incorrect positioning during normal driving, including cutting across the normal road position when going ahead at roundabouts without lane markings
- lane discipline: failure to maintain proper lane discipline at roundabouts with lane markings when going ahead and when continuing to drive ahead in designated lanes
Pedestrian crossings:
- failure to give precedence to pedestrians on a pedestrian crossing
- non-compliance with lights at pedestrian controlled crossings
Position / normal stops:
- normal stop not made in safe position
Awareness / planning:
- failure to judge what other road users are going to do and react accordingly
Clearance:
- not allowing adequate clearance when passing parked vehicles and other obstructions
Following distance:
- keep a proper and safe distance from the vehicle in front when moving
- leave a reasonable gap from the vehicle in front when stopping in lines of traffic
Use of speed:
- driving too fast for road, traffic and weather conditions
Progress:
- appropriate speed: driving too slowly for road and traffic conditions
- undue hesitation: being over cautious by stopping or waiting when it is safe and normal to proceed
Response to signs / signals:
- failure to comply with or late reaction to:
- traffic signs: Inappropriate response to traffic signs
- road markings: for example. double white lines, box junctions, lane direction arrows
- traffic lights: including failure to move off on green when correct and safe to do so
- traffic controllers: signals given by a police officer, traffic warden, school crossing warden or other persons directing traffic
- other road users: failure to take appropriate action on signals given by other road users
Examiner Took Action (ETA):
- examiner took action: verbally or physically (for example, dual controls/steering)
ECO:
- eco safe driving: not part of pass/fail criteria.
- control: starting/moving off/accelerator use/gears
- planning: hazard awareness/planning and anticipation/engine braking
3a: The examiner or assessor should take the following on test:
- digital device – iPad; Delegated examiners/Assessors DL25/PTR
- paper contingency test report - PTR
- pass certificate book - DVSA13
- manoeuvring board for reverse exercise
- statement of failure (external assessors)
3b: The examiner or assessor should take the following on test:
- digital device – iPad
- paper contingency test report – PTR
- DL25
- pass certificate book - DVSA10
The manoeuvring area should be laid out in exactly the same way for right and left-hand drive vehicles, and strictly in accordance with the examiner’s manoeuvring board and ready reckoner. If the examiner is doubtful about the accuracy of the dimensions of the vehicle as shown on the journal, they should be checked with a tape to ensure correct positioning of the marker cones.
The distance from cone B to cones A & A1 is always twice the length of the vehicle used for test. In the case of vehicles with trailers, cone A1 should be set one metre in from the boundary line. In the case of rigid vehicles without trailers, cone A1 should be set on the boundary line. Exceptionally, at centres where there is a safety barrier or other obstruction close to the boundary line and the rigid vehicle used for test has a large front overhang or limited steering lock, which may make it difficult to negotiate cone B, then cone A1 should be set one metre in from the line.
The distance between cones A & A1 should always be 1½ times the widest part of the vehicle (or outfit) used for the test and cone B should always be in line with cone A. Therefore, when cone A1 is set one metre in from the boundary line cones A and B must also be set an additional metre into the manoeuvring area.
The examiner should ask for the candidate by name, greet them pleasantly and then carry out the same licence check and identification procedures as laid out in Chapter 1.
If the candidate arrives for their test in an automatic C1, C1E, C, CE, D1, D1E, D or DE category of vehicle, annotate the ‘automatic’ box when completing the Digital Test Report, the next question on the iPad, asks if the candidate has a code 78 (automatic restriction) on their driving licence. This then decides which licence will be issued. The same rule applies when completing a paper test report.
Where a test is being conducted by a delegated examiner, using a DL25 the ‘automatic’ box is only marked when the candidate has a code 78 restriction on their driving licence. If there is no code 78 (automatic restriction) on their driving licence, the ‘automatic’ box should not be marked.
If a candidate attends to take a C1 test and only has category C provisional entitlement on their driving licence or a D1 test and only has category D provisional entitlement on their driving licence, the test can continue as normal. The provisional entitlement for the subcategories C1/D1 is included with the C/D provisional entitlement. On PCV tests where routes incorporate bus lanes, candidates should be advised to use them as they would normally (PCVs can use bus lanes whether they are in service or not). The only bus lanes that shouldn’t be used are those marked ‘LOCAL BUSES’.
The candidate’s eyesight is tested as part of the medical examination necessary before they can obtain a provisional licence as such there is no requirement to conduct an eyesight check.
When a candidate takes a practical test for a lorry or bus, there is no requirement to carry out an eyesight test. If the candidate has restriction code 01 in column 12 on the rear of their driving licence, it means they may need to wear glasses or contact lenses. If they are not wearing glasses or contact lenses, the examiner should make suitable enquiries. If they confirm they have never worn glasses or contact lenses, or they have had corrective eye surgery, the examiner should advise the candidate to inform the DVLA.
If the candidate needs to wear glasses or contact lenses, the test should only be conducted if these are worn. Where the test does not go ahead in these circumstances, code 82 - not conducted incorrect/no lenses worn (VOC) should be used.
On vocational tests, safety questions must be asked as part of the preliminaries of the test prior to any on-road driving.
Examiners must choose a selection of either five questions for a rigid vehicle or two for a vehicle and trailer test in categories C and D. For lorry and trailer, PCV and trailer (C+E & C1+E, D+E & D1+E) categories, candidates will normally have answered five questions at the C & D testing stage. If category C or D is present on the driving licence, then only two further questions—one ‘show me’ and one ‘tell me’—will be asked. If, on checking the licence, the categories C & D are not present, then five questions will be asked. The questions specific to the above tests should be used (Annex 8), as far as possible, in rotation, and the questions selected should be recorded on the Digital Test Report/DL25.
Note: The candidate may not have gone through licence staging; a check should be made on the reverse of the licence for categories held. A prompt on the iPad will ensure that this is established. Questions should be chosen from the question bank and should suit the vehicle presented for the test. At least 50% of the questions should be ‘show me’ rather than ‘tell me’, therefore when asking two questions at least one must be ‘show me’. When asking five questions at least three must be ‘show me’. Examiners should use all of the questions equally. The choice of questions used should be recorded on the Digital Test Report/DL25 and will be subject to quality assurance.
Although some checks may involve the candidate in opening the engine cover or compartment to identify where fluid levels would be checked, candidates must not be asked to touch a hot engine or physically check the fluid levels.
Safety questions - assessment
A driving fault will be recorded for each incorrect answer up to a maximum of four driving faults. If the candidate answers all five questions incorrectly, a serious fault will be recorded. However, examiners should not pursue questions unduly in an attempt to elicit the precise responses listed; they should bear in mind that these are basic safety checks and that in-depth mechanical knowledge is not required for the answers to be acceptable. If an Examiner has to take action to avoid danger to the candidate, examiner, or another road user, an ETA will be recorded and a serious/dangerous fault recorded under the appropriate heading on the Digital Test Report.
As vehicle technology advances, more and more vehicles are being equipped with electronic diagnostic systems that inform the driver of the state of the engine fluid levels, tyre pressures, etc. It will be acceptable for a candidate to refer to the vehicle information system (if fitted) when answering questions on topics such as these. Examiners need to be aware that although it may be necessary in order to carry out some of the checks, the ability to open the engine cover or compartment is, in itself, not one of the competencies which candidates are required to demonstrate. Should a candidate experience difficulty, it will be acceptable for the accompanying driver to assist in the opening and closing of the engine cover or compartment Candidates should not be penalised if this proves necessary.
Drivers seeking vocational licence entitlement should be experienced and technically expert. The assessment criteria reflect this. Examiners should also be aware that many haulage, bus and coach companies have a policy of not allowing drivers to remove inspection covers or become involved in the routine mechanical maintenance of their vehicles. It may also be that specialist equipment is needed to carry out some procedures. This means that some ‘show me’ questions will have, to some extent, to be treated as ‘tell me’. Examiners will have to use their knowledge, judgement and common sense to assess the acceptability of the answers given. Simply pointing out that ‘The fitter always does that’, for example, would not be an adequate response, whereas an answer that demonstrates an understanding of the topic would be acceptable.
The assessment criteria reflect the knowledge and understanding expected of a competent vocational driver. One incorrect answer will result in a driving fault being recorded. Both questions answered incorrectly will result in a serious fault being recorded. In the case of five questions, a driver fault will be recorded for each incorrect answer up to a maximum of four driving faults. If the candidate answers all five questions incorrectly, a serious fault will be recorded.
The examiner should make a brief visual check of direction indicators and brake lights. If this reveals any obvious damage, the candidate should be given the opportunity to rectify the fault. If the fault cannot be rectified, the test should be terminated. To avoid subsequent argument, the candidate should be asked if they wish to confirm by personal observation that the particular item doesn’t function satisfactorily, in which case the examiner should operate the control. In deciding whether or not direction indicators and stop lamps are in an acceptable condition for the purposes of the test, examiners should be guided by the principle that no candidate should be turned away whose test could reasonably be conducted.
Regulations require the vehicle to display ‘L’ or ‘D’ plates, that are clearly visible from the front and rear of the vehicle.
Except for the reversing exercise, examiners should, throughout the test, position themselves within the vehicle where they are best able to observe the candidate’s performance. PCVs used for driving tests must have suitable examiner seats (with seat belts) and mirrors. Even then it may occasionally be necessary for examiners to stand or move around. They should preferably only move when PCVs are stationary or travelling in a straight line, without excessive acceleration or braking, and should also note the location of suitable grab rails and use them when standing, moving around, or sitting down. These safety precautions will continue to be required and must be observed by all examiners involved in PCV testing.
It is the candidate’s responsibility to see that all doors, drop-sides, and tailboard and any equipment carried are properly secured. In the case of an articulated vehicle or drawbar outfit, they should also check that the trailer brake lines and lighting leads are properly connected and that the semi-trailer parking brake is not set. These checks would normally have been made prior to attending the test.
These questions must be asked in addition to the Vehicle Safety Check Questions. PCV candidates need to demonstrate their knowledge of the safety equipment fitted to their vehicle. The candidate should be asked to show the examiner where the fire extinguisher is, where the fuel cut-off device is, where the emergency door is, and how it operates. If the emergency door will not operate, then the test should be terminated. Note: there is no legal requirement for a training vehicle to carry a fire extinguisher. Therefore, if one is not present the test should proceed. Some vehicles don’t have a rear emergency door, it is replaced with break glass. An explanation of this would be sufficient and the vehicle is suitable for test.
The candidate should ensure that the handbrake is applied, and the gear lever/selector is in neutral before operating the starter. Before moving off initially, the candidate should check the seat position and mirrors and, in the case of vehicles fitted with air pressure brakes, the instrument panel to ensure correct working pressure.
The exercise is designed to test the candidate’s accuracy in manoeuvring the vehicle when reversing. The degree of accuracy required is the ability to occupy a bay 1½ times the width of the vehicle and with the rear of the vehicle within the stopping area. The candidate should maintain all-round observation during the exercise. The examiner should observe the candidate’s performance from outside the vehicle, moving from one vantage point to another while the exercise is being performed. Before the exercise, the candidate should be asked to bring the vehicle to rest in the starting position. The examiner should then clearly explain the exercise to the candidate, making full use of the manoeuvring board to describe the requirements and giving precise directions as to the course to be followed. It should be explained to the candidate that they should not touch any of the marker cones or cross the yellow boundary lines during the exercise. To pass, the candidate should not cross any of the yellow boundary lines with the full width of a tyre whilst manoeuvring, nor should they displace any of the marker cones. Cones A & A1 mark the maximum length of the area to be used by a particular test vehicle. If ‘shunting’ should prove necessary, the candidate should not drive further forward than the boundary of the area marked by cones A & A1, nor take more than two shunts throughout the exercise.
Drivers of LGVs should aim to stop with the extreme rear of their vehicle in the section of the yellow stopping area covered with black cross-hatching. Stopping with the vehicle touching the barrier should not be regarded as a fault but displacing it should be viewed as unacceptable. Stopping in the yellow box, but short of the hatched area, should be viewed as unacceptable. The loading/unloading barrier is not part of the reverse exercise for PCV tests. Examiners should not refer to the barrier during a de-brief or in the driving test report. If Examiners identify an operational need to reposition the barrier away from the stopping area during a PCV test, then they can do so. On PCV tests, candidates should aim to position the extreme rear of the vehicle within any part of the yellow stopping area, including the black cross-hatching. Stopping short of the area or reversing through the stopping area (displacing the barrier) should be viewed as unacceptable.
During the reverse exercise, the candidate may wish to exit their vehicle to check its position. They are allowed to do this before reaching cone B (to assess their position in relation to it) and when in the bay to assess the rear position in relation to the stopping area/barrier. These are the only two occasions when the candidate is allowed to leave the vehicle during the exercise. No further attempt to exit the vehicle to make a check is permitted. Note: There are no driver faults recorded during the off-road section. The test would be deemed either successful or unsuccessful.
Ask the candidate if the load is secure (except categories C1, D1 & D) and in the case of a tilt cab, ask the candidate if they are satisfied that the cab locking mechanism is secure. Before starting the drive, the examiner must ensure that their seat belt is worn and securely fastened. DVSA examiners, their managers, and other DVSA staff must not occupy unsafe or unsuitable non-standard LGV 3rd seats under any circumstances. When 3rd seats are not present, examiners should not be accompanied by any 3rd parties; DVSA staff or otherwise. Under no circumstances should anyone sit on engine covers, etc.
Although at no time during the test should the candidate be asked to drive in anything other than the normal gear ratio, they may elect to use a 2-speed axle or other form of ‘split’ gear change. Any fault committed should be assessed and marked in the usual way. If a candidate asks for guidance on what is required, they should be told that they will not be expected to demonstrate use of a 2-speed axle or auxiliary transmission unless circumstances arise during the normal course of driving which require its use.
The examiner should take particular note of the candidate’s judgement of distance, as well as seeing that they look well ahead. They should have regard to the candidate’s all-round observation and use of mirrors, and note if their actions are deliberate and indicate a thoughtful appraisal of the situation.
Examiners should satisfy themselves that the candidate recognises hazards in good time and takes appropriate action. The examiner should observe whether the candidate keeps their vehicle under proper control, in the appropriate gear, and is unhurried in their movements. Late and sudden braking or gear changing shows a lack of foresight.
The examiner should observe whether the candidate takes account of the type of junction, road signs, and following traffic. The candidate should take effective observation, including use of mirrors, before entering the intersection, and do so with proper regard for other road users. Necessary and appropriate signals should be given in good time, speed adjusted as necessary, and the vehicle correctly positioned throughout. The candidate should avoid using the weight and size of the vehicle to take precedence.
The examiner should observe whether the candidate takes account of the type of junction and any warning signs, as well as keeping the vehicle under proper control. They should use the mirrors effectively, give proper signals in good time, select the appropriate gear, and take up the correct road position well before turning. Effective observation should be taken before emerging, and the proper position on the road taken up as soon as possible after turning. According to the length of the vehicle, a degree of tolerance may be allowed when assessing the vehicle’s position before and after turning, particularly where roads are narrow or the angle of the corner is acute.
When turning left, a candidate driving a long vehicle should position it some distance from the nearside kerb before turning, to avoid the rear nearside wheel encroaching on the pavement. Sharp swing-out should, however, be avoided and, bearing in mind the danger of cyclists or other road users on the nearside, the candidate should exercise extreme care and make full use of the nearside mirror. When turning right in long-wheelbase vehicles, cutting the corner is unavoidable in some situations; in such circumstances, the candidate must be expected to exercise extreme caution.
The examiner should observe the candidate’s actions in overtaking and meeting other vehicles, and crossing the path of other traffic when turning to the right. Before overtaking, the mirrors should be used to observe following traffic in good time, and appropriate signals given if necessary. The examiner should bear in mind that this should be done much earlier than in, say, a car. While showing consideration for other traffic, the candidate should not exhibit nervousness by giving way unduly to other vehicles when they could be expected to proceed. On the other hand, they should not be inconsiderate, e.g. by turning right in the face of closely approaching traffic or, when overtaking, using the weight and size of the vehicle to intimidate approaching drivers into giving way. The candidate must allow for the width and length of the vehicle, and a high degree of accuracy in road positioning is expected.
When overtaking, the candidate should be sure that the vehicle has sufficient reserves of power and speed to complete the manoeuvre within a reasonable distance, so that following drivers who may wish to overtake are not unduly inconvenienced. The use made of a nearside mirror is very important. The examiner should note carefully the candidate’s use of it to ensure that following road users are not inconvenienced or placed in danger as a result of the vehicle’s change of position, e.g. a return to the nearside from a position or lane away from the left of the carriageway.
The candidate’s reaction to the lights should be noted. An increase of speed where the lights have been showing green for some time could indicate a tendency to rely unduly on the colour remaining at green or to proceed on amber when they should have stopped.
The candidate should try, wherever possible, to keep within the appropriate lane. However, with a large or long vehicle, there may be occasions when it is necessary to straddle or ‘shut down’ lanes to be able to negotiate a hazard safely.
The examiner should observe whether the candidate maintains a suitable course when driving along a one-way street and, when intending to turn right or left, takes up a correct position. If directional arrows appear on the road, the candidate should follow the course indicated for the intended direction.
The candidate should be able to pull up parallel to, and within a reasonable distance of, the nearside kerb. The examiner should observe whether the candidate then applies the handbrake and puts the gear into neutral. On these occasions, failure to select neutral should not necessarily be regarded as a fault.
The following number of stops should usually be carried out for the different vocational tests:
C1, C1+E, C and C+E:
- uphill and downhill starts
- 2 normal stops
- angle start/controlled stop
D1, D1+E, D, D+E:
- Uphill and downhill starts
- 2 normal stops
- 2 bus stops
- Angle start/Controlled stop
The following procedure should be followed:
During the PCV driving test, examiners should ask the candidate to pull up on two separate occasions at an empty bus stop in a position where passengers can alight and embark safely.
During these stops, and only on vehicles fitted with doors that can be operated from the driver’s seat, the door should be opened and closed. In exceptional circumstances, and to prevent passengers embarking (at a normal bus stop), a suitable lamppost can be used instead of a bus stop. For assessment purposes, the handbrake should be applied whenever the door is open.
In the case of a PCV, the candidate should be able to stop the vehicle within stepping distance of the nearside kerb and, at bus stops, to bring the exit to the correct position in relation to the stopping place.
The examiner should take particular note of the candidate’s anticipation, observation, and consideration for other road users. Full use of the mirrors should be made to help faster traffic to overtake. Sufficient distance should be kept from the vehicle in front to allow overtaking drivers to pull in if necessary. Lane discipline should be maintained at all times. The early recognition of potential danger is extremely important. The examiner should look for prompt and appropriate reaction to signals given by other road users. They should also note the candidate’s reaction to the cyclist who has just looked round, children or other pedestrians moving towards the kerb, the opening of car doors, etc.
Candidates should be able to use all the ancillary controls fitted to their vehicle. If the candidate has problems using the controls, e.g. wipers, or if the candidate has to be reminded to use a control, the examiner must make a judgement on seriousness using the normal criteria.
A candidate taking their test in a vehicle drawing a trailer must give a practical demonstration of uncoupling and recoupling. The vehicle must be parked alongside the trailer after uncoupling; approximately parallel and level with it. After initially checking their trailer, it is not essential for them to leave the cab again to check the coupling height. However, if they choose to get out of the cab to check their position, they can do this as many times as they need to satisfy themselves the vehicle and trailer are realigned correctly. For smaller trailers, for example those towed by a minibus, after reversing the towing vehicle up to the trailer, it is acceptable if the candidate physically moves the trailer to line it up to recouple it. On the other hand, if they are not physically capable of moving the trailer (or they choose not to), it may take them several attempts to line the vehicle up to the trailer. There isn’t a set amount of attempts allowed to realign the vehicle to the trailer, but if excessive attempts are taken with little or no sign of improvement, it would not be considered acceptable. Strike plates, additional mirrors, and reversing cameras can be used to help realigning the vehicle to the trailer.
A physical check is usually necessary to ensure the trailer parking brake is applied before recoupling; however, if it is obvious it is applied from the position of the button or cable, a visual check is acceptable.
Please note: Throughout the exercise, before the candidate exits the cab, they must apply the parking-brake on the prime mover. If, however, the examiner has any doubts, they should ask the candidate to confirm it’s been applied before the candidate exits the cab. If the examiner is certain that without their intervention, the candidate would not have applied the parking-brake, a serious fault should be recorded.
The underrun bar on the prime mover of a draw-bar combination can be left up in the running position throughout the exercise.
Reasonable adjustment may be made for disabled drivers of other categories which would enable them to carry out the uncoupling exercise in a way that accommodates their disability. These reasonable adjustments will vary on a case-by-case basis and must be agreed in advance of the test with delegated.testing@dvsa.gov.uk.
During the exercise with an artic, the ‘suzis’ should be stowed correctly and not allowed to trail. The object of the uncoupling exercise is to check that the driver parks the trailer safely as though they were leaving it there. The ‘suzis’ on a draw-bar trailer are left with the trailer and should be left in a safe position, for example laid over the draw-bar.
Fuel-efficient driving is a recognised and proven style of driving. It contributes to road safety while reducing fuel consumption and emissions and reflects the increased awareness and need for economical/environmentally friendly driving. Fuel-efficient driving does not contribute to the result of the test.
There are two fuel-efficient driving headings: control and planning.
Whether the result of the test is a pass or a fail, if a fuel efficient has been recorded in either one or both of the boxes, the examiner should debrief the candidate in the normal way.
At the end of the test, the examiner should advise the candidate of the test result.
Module 3a
Module 3a completion of the DVSA 13. Explain that the DVSA 13 needs to be presented to the examiner prior to the Module 3b test going ahead and should be kept safe.
The driving licence should not be taken on successful completion of the Module 3a test. Candidates will need their licence for the Module 3b.
If unsuccessful the candidate must be issued a statement of failure (external assessors only)
Module 3b
If a successful candidate has completed their test in an automatic category C1, C1E, C, CE, D1, D1E, D, or DE vehicle - and they already hold a full manual driving licence for any other category of car, lorry, or bus - after the text ‘automatic,’ answer ‘no’ when completing the DVSA10.
Other necessary documents should be completed and an oral explanation given in accordance with the guidance given in Chapter 1.
The candidate may have a Module 4 CPC test booked after this test (either straight away or in the very near future) and will require their licence for ID purposes. Ask if this is the case. If so, the candidate should not follow the ADLI route, and the licence should not be taken from them
Breakdown of vehicle on manoeuvring area
If a vehicle breakdown obstructs the manoeuvring area to the extent that exercises cannot be carried out, and removal is beyond the resources immediately available, the nearest service station with a recovery vehicle should be contacted.
Examiners MUST not attempt to remove a disabled vehicle by pushing, nor invite anyone else to do so.
A list should be maintained of the names, addresses, and telephone numbers of garages in the vicinity of the centre, which operate heavy recovery vehicles.
Motorhomes / recreational vehicles
Motorhomes, recreational vehicles, etc. are either Category C or C1 dependent on the MAM. They should be taken on test provided that they meet the MTVs for the Category.
Stretched limousines and prison vans
Stretched limousines and prison vans based on a lorry chassis are not suitable vehicles for a PCV (category D/D1) test.
Trade plates
A vehicle carrying a trade plate is not a suitable vehicle for a driving test as the conditions attached to trade licences do not allow for a vehicle to be used for this purpose.
Traffic cones
A supply of about 30 cones (Glocone HN 18/3) should be maintained at permanent centres and about 20 cones at occasional centres. Requests for necessary replacements should be sent through to the LDTM.