Kenya: migrant health guide
Advice and guidance on the health needs of migrant patients from Kenya for healthcare practitioners.
Main messages
If the patient is new to the UK:
- explain to them how the NHS works
- discuss how this compares to the healthcare system they’ve been used to
Ensure that all patients are up-to-date with the UK immunisation schedule.
Screen all new entrants, including children, for tuberculosis (TB).
Offer and recommend an HIV test to all adults from Kenya, and consider offering an HIV test to infants and children who have recently arrived in the UK.
Offer to all sexually active individuals:
- a full sexual health screen
- safer sex health promotion advice
Consider screening for hepatitis B, particularly among those who have recently arrived, because Kenya has an intermediate prevalence.
Be alert for signs and symptoms of polio, and ensure vaccination as required, because polio (cVDPV2) has been reported in the past in Kenya.
Ask opportunistically about any travel plans the patient may have to visit friends and relatives in their country of origin, and see National Travel Health Network and Centre (NaTHNaC), or the Health Protection Scotland websites (TRAVAX and fitfortravel), for travel advice.
Be advised that there is a high risk of malaria in some areas of Kenya.
Be advised that there is a risk of typhoid infection in Kenya.
Consider nutritional and metabolic concerns.
Find out more about children’s health.
Infectious diseases
Immunisation
Ensure that all patients, especially children, are up-to-date with the UK immunisation schedule.
Tuberculosis (TB)
There is a high incidence of TB in Kenya (40 to 499 cases per 100,000), so:
- screen all new entrants (including children) for TB according to NICE guidelines
- refer to TB services promptly if screening is positive
- maintain long term vigilance for symptoms of TB even if initial screening is negative
- be aware that TB is a notifiable disease
Sexually transmitted infections and HIV
There is a high rate of HIV in Kenya (>1%), so:
- offer and recommend an HIV test according to UK national testing guidelines
- consider offering an HIV test to infants and children who have recently arrived in the UK according to UK national testing guidelines
Be advised that although recent global data on STIs are not available, countries with high HIV rates tend to have higher rates of STIs, and the range of STIs encountered in Kenya may vary from those in the UK, so offer to sexually active individuals:
- a full sexual health screen
- safer sex health promotion advice by referral to local genito-urinary medicine services
Hepatitis B
Kenya has an intermediate prevalence of hepatitis B, so:
- consider screening for hepatitis B, particularly those who have recently arrived
- offer screening for hepatitis B to all pregnant women during each pregnancy
- immunise appropriately babies born to mothers who are hepatitis B positive, and follow-up accordingly
- be aware that the UK has a universal infant immunisation programme for hepatitis B and a selective immunisation programme for higher risk groups
Hepatitis C
Kenya has a higher prevalence of hepatitis C than the UK, so consider screening for hepatitis C.
Polio
Polio (cVDPV) has been reported in the past in Kenya, so:
- be alert for signs and symptoms of polio in anyone arriving from Kenya, and investigate as appropriate
- ensure all new entrants are brought up to date with the UK immunisation schedule, including polio vaccine as required
- see NaTHNaC for advice about polio vaccine requirements if patients are planning to travel back to Kenya, as specific advice is in place for long-term visitors (over 4 weeks) to Kenya.
Travel plans and advice
Ask opportunistically about any travel plans the patient may have to visit friends and relatives in their country of origin, and see National Travel Health Network and Centre (NaTHNaC), or the Health Protection Scotland websites (TRAVAX and fitfortravel), for travel advice.
Malaria
There is a high risk of malaria in some areas of Kenya, mainly due to P. falciparum, so:
- test any unwell patient who has travelled to-and-from affected areas of Kenya in the last year
- remember that malaria can be rapidly fatal
Typhoid
There is a risk of typhoid infection in Kenya, so:
- ensure that travellers to Kenya are offered typhoid immunisation and advice on prevention of enteric fever
- remember enteric fever in the differential diagnosis of illness in patients with a recent history of travel to-or-from Kenya
Helminths
There is a risk of helminth infections in Kenya, including:
- schistosomiasis
- lymphatic filariasis
- soil transmitted helminthiasis
Women’s health
Reproductive health indicators
| Reproductive health indicator | UK | Kenya |
|---|---|---|
| Children per woman¹ | 2 | 5 |
| Use of contraception² | 82% | 39.3% |
| Breast examination or mammography³ | 75% | 0% |
| Cervical cancer screening⁴ | 70% | 4% |
¹lifetime average ²by woman of reproductive age or partner ³women aged 50 to 69 years ⁴women aged 20 to 69 years
Find out more about women’s health.
Female genital mutilation
Female genital mutilation (FGM) has regularly been documented in Kenya.
Nutritional and metabolic concerns
Anaemia
There is a moderate risk of anaemia in adults (estimated prevalence in non-pregnant women is 20 to 40%), and a high risk pre-school children (estimated prevalence is 20 to 40%), in Kenya, so:
- be alert to the possibility of anaemia in recently arrived migrants, particularly women and pre-school children
- test as clinically indicated
Vitamin D
Consider the possibility of vitamin D deficiency in people who may be at risk due to:
- covering their body for cultural or religious reasons (lack of sunlight)
- skin colour
- diet (vegan or vegetarian)
Vitamin A
There is a high risk of vitamin A deficiency in Kenya.
Country profile
Health indicators and health care
WHO Global Health Observatory has a summary of health indicators and health care in Kenya.
Culture, politics and history
BBC News and The World Factbook provide background information on the culture, politics and history of Kenya.
Languages
The main languages used in Kenya are:
- English (official)
- Kiswahili (official)
- numerous indigenous languages
Source: The World Factbook.
Find out about language interpretation.
Religions
| Religion | Population (%)¹ |
|---|---|
| Christian² | 82.5 |
| Muslim | 11.1 |
| None | 2.4 |
| Other | 1.7 |
| Traditionalists | 1.6 |
| Unspecified | 0.7 |
¹2009 census ²Protestant 47.4%, Catholic 23.3%, other 11.8%
Source: The World Factbook.
Migration to the UK
There were over 137,000 people from Kenya living in England and Wales at the time of the 2011 Census.
Source: Office for National Statistics © Crown Copyright 2014.
Updates to this page
Published 31 July 2014Last updated 30 July 2019 + show all updates
-
Updated polio guidance based on latest WHO Statement on the 21st IHR Emergency Committee regarding the international spread of poliovirus.
-
Updated polio guidance.
-
Updated advice on testing for anaemia, based on current prevalence in Kenya.
-
First published.