Red meat slaughterhouses: restraining, stunning and killing animals
Rules on restraining methods, stunning pens, captive bolt, gas and electrical stunning equipment, bleeding animals and shackling and hoisting animals.
Applies to England
If you operate a red meat slaughterhouse (abattoir) you must ensure that anyone working in it has a certificate of competence (CoC) if they do any of the following:
- handle animals
- stun animals
- pith animals
- restrain animals
- shackle animals
- hoist animals
- bleed live animals
- check stunning has worked
- check pithing has worked
You risk being prosecuted and losing your CoC if you do not follow these and other Welfare of Animals at the Time of Killing (WATOK) requirements.
If you’re responsible for stunning, hoisting and bleeding animals, you must carry out all operations on one animal before moving to the next.
You must install and operate a CCTV system that can cover the areas where live animals are present. These include unloading, lairage (holding areas), handling, restraint, stunning and killing areas. The CCTV system must keep recorded images and information for 90 days. You must give inspectors access to the CCTV system and recordings.
Find more information in CCTV in slaughterhouses: rules for operators.
Restraining animals
You must restrain an animal in the appropriate way before you stun or kill it. Your equipment for restraining animals must:
- be in good working order
- allow you to stun or kill an animal effectively
- prevent injury or cuts to animals
- minimise struggling and vocalisation
- minimise the time an animal’s restrained
You must only put animals into restraining equipment, including head restraints, when you’re ready to stun or kill the animal.
Stunning pens for cattle
You must use a stunning pen or restraining pen for adult cattle, including bovine animals like buffalo and bison.
You must only use restraining equipment in the way described in the manufacturer’s instructions.
Stunning pens and restraining boxes must:
- be in good working order
- be maintained and checked – follow the manufacturer’s instructions
- be able to fit one animal at a time without discomfort
- stop the animal making any large movements forwards, backwards or sideways
- allow complete access to an animal’s forehead, for accurate stunning
Stunning cattle with a pneumatic captive bolt
If you use pneumatic captive bolts, you must have a restraining device in any stunning pens and restraining boxes. Your restraining device must:
- restrict an animal’s head from moving both up and down, and side to side
- allow the release of an animal’s head immediately after stunning
Slaughter without stunning in accordance with religious rites
If you carry out slaughter without stunning on cattle, sheep or goats, you must use restraining equipment and follow the additional rules regarding restraining an animal.
The Food Standards Agency (FSA) must approve cattle restraining pens before they’re used for slaughter without stunning.
Killing horses
You must kill a horse in a separate room or a bay from other animals. You must only use the room for this purpose.
You must not kill a horse:
- in sight of another horse
- in a room where there are remains of another horse or other animal
Restraining methods you must not use
If you restrain animals, you must not:
- suspend or hoist them while they’re unconscious
- clamp or tie an animal’s legs or feet
- sever an animal’s spinal cord
- immobilise an animal with electrical stunning equipment or electric shock devices
Animal stunning and killing
You must stun all animals before you kill them unless you’re carrying out religious slaughter.
When you stun an animal, it must remain unconscious and unable to feel pain until death. Once you stun it, you must kill it immediately. You can use stunning methods that instantly kill an animal, for example using a gun or rifle.
Simple stunning
Simple stunning causes an animal to lose consciousness but does not instantly kill it. You must immediately use a follow-up procedure to kill the animal before it recovers consciousness. For example, this may include bleeding (cutting both neck arteries, the carotid arteries).
Monitor animals for consciousness
Between stunning and killing, you must check animals for signs of consciousness and unconsciousness.
You must have a CoC on checking the effectiveness of stunning. Your slaughterhouse’s standard operating procedure should also list what monitoring procedures will be used for each type of animal.
Someone, usually an animal welfare officer (AWO), should check each slaughter line to make sure animals are being stunned effectively.
Review your sampling rate
You must check that stunning is effective. How often you do this depends on risk factors such as:
- how often you change the species or size and weight of animals on a slaughter line
- the length of each slaughter shift
- the results of previous sampling – you’ll need to increase the sampling rate if a previous check found a percentage of animals were not effectively stunned
If you find an animal that has not been properly stunned, you must take immediate action in line with your slaughterhouse’s standard operating procedure.
If you fail to stun an animal properly, you must follow these steps:
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Re-stun the animal.
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Find out what’s wrong.
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Correct your operation immediately.
What to record
You must check a representative sample of the animals you’re stunning. For each sample, you must record:
- the number of animals checked
- the name of the person monitoring
- the time and circumstances, for example immediately after stunning an animal
- any factors affecting the efficiency of the stunning process
- whether your findings are consistent with previous monitoring
- tests of unconsciousness and how to interpret the results
- slaughter without stunning – tests for signs of life and how to interpret the results
Stunning or killing: equipment and methods
Any equipment you use for stunning or killing must:
- stun or kill rapidly and effectively
- be in good working order
- have the manufacturer’s instructions on how to operate it
You must have back-up stunning equipment available immediately on the spot, in case your main equipment fails.
Maintaining your equipment
You must maintain equipment following the manufacturer’s instructions.
You must keep maintenance records for at least a year. The FSA can ask to see them.
Electrical stunning
Electrical stunning is a method of simple stunning, so you’ll need to follow it with another operation to kill the animal once it’s unconscious.
When you carry out electrical stunning you must make sure that:
- there’s good electrical contact with the animal
- electrodes span the brain of the animal and can be adapted for the size of animal
- the current is strong enough to make an animal unconscious until death
You must also:
- kill the animal before it recovers consciousness
- use at least the minimum currents for each species
Minimum currents for head-only electrical stunning
| Species | Minimum current |
|---|---|
| Cattle 6 months or older | 1.28 amps (A) |
| Cattle younger than 6 months | 1.25A |
| Sheep and goats | 1.0A |
| Pigs | 1.3A |
Head-to-body electrical stunning
If you’re using electrodes on an animal’s head and body, you must use the following currents:
- sheep and goats – 1A
- pigs – 1.3A
Monitoring electrical stunning
For each animal you stun, equipment must be fitted with a device that displays important parameters such as:
- voltage
- current (in A)
- length of exposure
The device must be clearly visible to staff carrying out stunning. Your standard operating procedure should state what parameters you need to record.
If the electrodes do not deliver the right current or voltage for the right amount of time, the device must give a warning that you can clearly see and hear.
You must keep all records for at least a year. All equipment must be fitted with a device that can record the parameters used for each animal stunned. These records must be kept for all equipment.
Captive bolt stunning
You must follow the manufacturer’s instructions when using any device, including positioning and using the correct strength of cartridge.
Penetrative captive bolt
You can use penetrative captive bolt devices for simple stunning for all species.
You must apply the device in the proper position.
You must check the bolt has retracted to its full extent after each shot. If the bolt has not fully retracted, you must not use the device until it’s repaired
You must not shoot cattle (or any bovine animal, including bison and buffalo) in the back of the head.
Penetrative captive bolt: sheep and goats with horns
When stunning sheep and goats that have horns:
- you can shoot the animal in the back of the head – you must aim the shot just behind the base of the horns and aim towards the mouth
- you must bleed or kill an animal within 15 seconds of shooting it
Non-penetrative captive bolt
A non-penetrative captive bolt device can be used as a simple stun, or a killing method for certain species and within specified parameters.
Non-penetrative captive bolt: as a killing method
The device can only be used as a killing method for:
- piglets that weigh less than 10kg
- kids that weigh less than 4kg
- lambs that weigh less than 6kg
To be used as a killing method the device must deliver a minimum kinetic energy of:
- 27.7 joules (J) for piglets
- 27.8J for kids
- 107J for lambs
Non-penetrative captive bolt: as a simple stunning method
The non-penetrative captive bolt device is a simple stunning method for:
- cattle under 10kg, sheep between 6kg and 10kg, and goats between 4kg and 10kg
- poultry
- rabbits
- hares
Non-penetrative captive bolt: conditions of use
It can be used for slaughter, depopulation and other situations for:
- lambs of less than 10kg
- kids of less than 10kg
- piglets of less than 10kg
- poultry
- rabbits
- hares
It can be used for slaughter only for other ruminants under 10kg.
You must apply the device in the proper position and use the correct strength of cartridge or other propellant by following the manufacturer’s instructions to produce an effective stun or kill, as appropriate.
You can find detailed guidance on the use of captive bolt devices on the Humane Slaughter Association website.
Firearm stunning
You can use a firearm or shotgun to stun and kill an animal. You must use the correct power and calibre of cartridge for the type of animal.
Gas stunning
Gas stunning is a method of killing pigs. You must use a gas stunner to do this and follow the manufacturer’s instructions.
You must expose each pig to the gas for long enough to kill it and be able to:
- see the pigs in the gas stunner
- access the pigs as quickly as possible
- flush the stunner with air so you can enter the chamber
Gas stunners and their conveyors must:
- minimise struggling or vocalisation
- allow pigs to remain standing until they lose consciousness
- get pigs to the point of maximum gas concentration within 30 seconds
- have enough space for pigs to lie down without lying on each other, even when you’re operating at maximum capacity
- have adequate lighting to allow pigs to see other pigs and their surroundings
Gas stunners and their conveyors must not injure or bruise pigs, or compress a pig’s chest.
Gas monitoring devices
Gas stunners must have a monitoring device that continuously measures and displays the gas concentration. You must make sure the device is clearly visible to staff.
Gas stunners must record the gas concentration.
If the gas concentration falls below the correct level, the monitoring device must display a clear visible warning and sound an alarm.
You cannot allow a pig to go into or remain in the stunner if:
- there’s a problem with the gas stunner
- the alarm goes off
- the gas concentration falls below the correct level
Keep records for gas stunners installed since January 2013
When using gas stunners, you must record:
- the gas concentration
- the length of exposure to gas
You should keep the records for at least a year.
Gas mixtures
You can use:
- carbon dioxide at high concentration
- carbon dioxide mixed with inert gases
- inert gases
You must not allow gases to enter the chamber or the location where animals are to be stunned and killed in a way that could create burns or excitement by freezing or lack of humidity.
You must only stun pigs by gas if each pig is exposed to the gas for long enough to make sure it’s killed.
Carbon dioxide at high concentration
The minimum concentration is 80% carbon dioxide. Exposure of conscious pigs to the gas must lead to loss of oxygen to the brain (anoxia).
You must make sure that no pig enters the gas stunner if the carbon dioxide concentration by volume falls below 80%.
A pig must be conveyed to the maximum concentration of gas within 30 seconds of entering the stunner.
Carbon dioxide mixed with inert gases
Expose conscious pigs directly or progressively to a gas mixture containing up to 40% of carbon dioxide mixed with inert gases.
The maximum concentration is 40% carbon dioxide. Direct or progressive exposure of conscious pigs to the gas must lead to anoxia.
Inert gases
Expose conscious pigs directly or progressively to an inert gas mixture like argon or nitrogen. This exposure must lead to anoxia.
Bleeding animals
Bleeding is a killing method for cattle, sheep, goats, pigs and deer following simple stunning.
You must cut an animal’s 2 carotid arteries. Bleeding must:
- begin immediately after simple stunning
- be rapid
- be profuse
- be completed before the animal regains consciousness
If you bleed an animal after simple stunning, you must wait for the bleeding to stop and at least:
- 30 seconds – cattle
- 20 seconds – sheep, deer, pigs and goats
You must confirm there are no signs of life before you can dress the animal.
Shackling or hoisting animals
Animals must be unconscious before they are shackled or hoisted. You must have a CoC to perform this operation.
Updates to this page
Last updated 5 June 2023 + show all updates
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Content has been reviewed as part of improvements to the welfare of animals at the time of killing pages. Updates approved by Welfare at Slaughter team.
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Edited under Electrical Stunning, under sub heading Head-to-body electrical stunning. Removed line: You cannot use this method of simple stunning on cattle.
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Amended non-penetrative captive bolt guidance because of a change in the law
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Added a paragraph about the Mandatory Use of CCTV in slaughterhouses regulations 2018
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First published.