Guidance

Zambia: migrant health guide

Advice and guidance on the health needs of migrant patients from Zambia for healthcare practitioners.

From:
Office for Health Improvement and Disparities
Published
31 July 2014
Last updated
19 May 2023 — See all updates

Main messages

If the patient is new to the UK:

Screen all new entrants, including children, for tuberculosis (TB).

Offer and recommend an HIV test to all adults, and consider offering an HIV test to infants and children who have recently arrived in the UK.

Offer to all sexually active individuals:

  • a full sexual health screen
  • safer sex health promotion advice

Due to an intermediate prevalence, consider screening for hepatitis B, particularly among those who have recently arrived.

There is a high risk of malaria.

There is a high risk of typhoid infection.

Consider nutritional and metabolic concerns.

Infectious diseases

Immunisation

Ensure that all patients, especially children, are up to date with the UK immunisation schedule. See the immunisation collection for complete schedules.

Tuberculosis

There is a high incidence of tuberculosis (TB) (40 to 499 cases per 100,000), so:

  • screen all new entrants (including children) for TB according to NICE guidelines
  • refer to TB services promptly if screening is positive
  • maintain long-term vigilance for symptoms of TB even if initial screening is negative
  • be aware that TB is a notifiable disease

Sexually transmitted infections and HIV

There is a high rate of HIV (greater than 1%), so:

Although recent global data on sexually transmitted infections (STIs) is not available, countries with high HIV rates tend to have higher rates of STIs, and the range of STIs encountered may vary from those in the UK, so offer to sexually active individuals:

  • a full sexual health screen
  • safer sex health promotion advice by referral to local genito-urinary medicine services.

Hepatitis B

There is an intermediate prevalence of hepatitis B, so:

  • consider screening for hepatitis B, particularly those who have recently arrived
  • offer screening for hepatitis B to all pregnant women during each pregnancy
  • immunise appropriately babies born to mothers who are hepatitis B positive, and follow up accordingly
  • be aware that the UK has a a universal infant immunisation programme for hepatitis B and a selective immunisation programme for higher risk groups

Hepatitis C

The prevalence of hepatitis C is higher than the UK, so consider screening for hepatitis C if other risk factors apply.

Malaria

There is a high risk of malaria mainly due to P. falciparum, so:

  • test any unwell patient who has travelled to and from affected areas in the last year
  • remember that malaria can be rapidly fatal

Typhoid

There is a risk of typhoid infection, so:

  • ensure that travellers are offered typhoid immunisation and advice on prevention of enteric fever
  • remember enteric fever in the differential diagnosis of illness in patients with a recent history of travel to or from this country

Helminths

There is a risk of soil transmitted helminth infections.

Travel plans and advice

Ask opportunistically about any travel plans the patient may have to visit friends and relatives in their country of origin. People who travel to visit friends and relatives (VFR travellers) should visit the Foreign and Commonwealth Office for overseas travel advice and National Travel Health Network and Centre (NaTHNaC) for country specific travel advice prior to leaving the UK.

Women’s health

Reproductive health indicators

Reproductive health indicator UK Zambia
Number of children per woman (lifetime average) 1.6 4.4
Use of contraception (by woman of reproductive age or partner) 71.7% 38.3%

Nutritional and metabolic concerns

Anaemia

There is a moderate risk of anaemia in adults (estimated prevalence in non-pregnant women is 20 to 40%) and a high risk in pre-school children (estimated prevalence is greater than 40%), so:

  • be alert to the possibility of anaemia in recently arrived migrants, particularly women and pre-school children
  • test as clinically indicated

Vitamin D

Consider the possibility of vitamin D deficiency in people who may be at risk due to:

  • darker skin
  • those who are not often outdoors
  • those who cover up most of their skin when outdoors

Vitamin A

There is a risk of vitamin A deficiency.

Country profile

Health indicators and healthcare

WHO Global Health Observatory has a summary of health indicators and healthcare in Zambia.

Culture, politics and history

BBC News and The World Factbook provide background information on the culture, politics and history of Zambia.

Languages

Language Population (%) (2010 estimates)
Bemba 33.4
Nyanja 14.7
Tonga 11.4
Chewa 4.5
Lozi 5.5
Nsenga 2.9
Tumbuka 2.5
Lunda (North Western) 1.9
Kaonde 1.8
Lala 1.8
Lamba 1.8
English (official) 1.7
Luvale 1.5
Mambwe 1.3
Namwanga 1.2
Lenje 1.1
Bisa 1
Other 9.7
Unspecified 0.2

Source: The World Factbook

Religions

Religion Population (%)
Protestant 75.3
Roman Catholic 20.2
Other (includes Muslim, Buddhist, Hindu, and Baha’i) 2.7
None 1.8

Source: The World Factbook

Migration to the UK

There were over 26,000 people from Zambia living in England and Wales at the time of the 2021 Census.

Updates to this page

Published 31 July 2014
Last updated 19 May 2023 + show all updates

  1. Women's reproductive health indicators data, vitamin D deficiency risk groups, the proportion of the population who speak other or unspecified languages and migration to UK statistics have been updated.

  2. First published.

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