TSEM10065 - Non-resident trusts: residence rules: professional trustees not resident in the UK - examples and scenarios
Status of examples
Introduction
Preparatory work prior to the creation of any trust
Trustee carrying out duties for the administration of any trust
Activities carried on for the trust other than by the non-UK resident trust company
UK resident directors or other employees of a non-UK resident trust company
Status of examples
The guidance that follows sets out examples of when a corporate trustee may or may not be regarded as UK resident. This guidance is based on the law as it stood on the day of publication. HMRC will publish amended or supplementary guidance if there is a change in the law or in the Department’s interpretation of it.
Whilst the guidance is intended to be as extensive and helpful as possible, it should not be assumed that it will provide a definitive answer in every case. That will depend upon the facts of each individual case.
You can of course take your own advice on this issue and where HMRC’s view is that there is a liability to UK tax on the basis that it regards a trust as UK resident because of how these rules apply to the trustees then the trustees can appeal to an independent tribunal.
Introduction
The following examples run through various activities which could be carried out in the UK in connection with a trust by offshore trust companies and cover the following areas:
- Preparatory work prior to the creation of any trust.
- Trustee carrying out duties for the administration of any trust.
- Activities carried on for the trust other than by the non-UK resident corporate trustee
- UK resident directors or other employees of a non-UK resident corporate trustee.
The examples all relate to non-UK resident companies that are trustees. The same principles would apply for other non-UK resident persons who are trustees (and for whom the relevant UK-based entity would be a branch or agency rather than a permanent establishment).
Preparatory work prior to the creation of any trust
A non-UK resident trust company that is to be a trustee of a settlement may carry out a number of activities in the UK before the trust is created. This might, for example, include discussions with clients such as potential settlors or beneficiaries over the appropriate terms of any trust. It could also include research with specialist professionals about possible trust investments and assets. These discussions may take place even before the beneficiaries are chosen.
Example 1
Before the January Trust is established, February Ltd, a non-UK resident trust company holds several meetings in the UK at its Manchester office with the potential settlor Mr January. The meetings are to discuss the possible terms of the trust and suitable investments.
HMRC view: The January trust does not yet exist, so there is no need to consider the tests in section 69(2D) TCGA 1992 and section 475(6) ITA. In any case, introductory meetings and discussions of this type would generally be regarded as preparatory or auxiliary activities and not core activities.
Trustee carrying out duties for the administration of any trust
As mentioned under ‘Core activities’ in TSEM10055 a range of activities may be carried out by a trustee once a trust has been set up including meetings. When considering whether the corporate trustee is carrying on the administration of a particular trust in the course of their business through the permanent establishment, the frequency of the meetings will be looked at as well as their significance and quality.
Example 2
March Ltd, a non-UK resident trust company that is trustee of the April Trust, holds quarterly meetings in the UK at its London offices with investment advisers. The purpose of these meetings is for March Ltd to collect purely factual information about potential assets to inform future investment strategy for the April trust. The actual decisions about the investment strategy are taken by March Ltd at their home office outside the UK. No other activities or meetings relating to the April Trust are carried on in the UK.
HMRC view: March Ltd has a permanent establishment in the UK. However, the significance of the meetings with the investment advisers is not sufficient for March Ltd to be regarded as acting as a trustee in respect of April Trust through that permanent establishment. They will not, therefore, be regarded as UK resident for the purposes of the April Trust.
Example 2a
May Ltd, a non-UK resident trust company, is sole trustee of the June Trust. May Ltd carries out all the work for the trust through its UK offices, including preparatory work, general administration, meetings with investment managers, accountants, beneficiaries etc. The investment and distribution policies are also all determined in the UK office. Formal ratification of those strategies, including signature of documents, is made by May Ltd at very brief meetings outside the UK, with little or no further discussion of the proposals before approval is given.
HMRC view: Although the strategic decisions are core activities, all the administration of the June Trust has been carried out in May Ltd’s UK office. The formal meetings outside the UK although prima facie core activities are in reality merely “rubber stamping” all the UK work. May Ltd has acted as a trustee in respect of the June Trust through its UK permanent establishment and so will be treated as UK resident for the purposes of the June Trust.
Example 2b
July Ltd, a non-UK resident trust company is trustee of the August Trust. It always carries out the core activities of the August Trust at its office overseas. The beneficiary of the trust has a single one-off meeting with July Ltd at July’s Manchester office to discuss the potential release of capital from the August trust. The discussion involves the imposition of certain conditions on the beneficiary before such a release.
HMRC view: On the face of it July Ltd by discussing the release of capital and the imposition of conditions with the beneficiary has engaged in a core activity and this has taken place at what is July’s permanent establishment in the UK. So prima facie July Ltd is acting as trustee of the August Trust through a permanent establishment. However, the whole context has to be looked at – that is, where the decision making on the trust is being carried on and if the meeting in the UK was a one-off. If the trustee took the information from the meetings out of the UK with them and then discussed and made the decisions outside the UK, they would not be UK resident. If there was any doubt as to where the decision making is taking place we would as part of our considerations consider the frequency of any meetings both within and outside the UK.
Activities carried on for the trust other than by the non-UK resident trust company
Whilst a non-UK resident trust company acting as a trustee may not carry out trust business at a fixed place of business permanent establishment in the UK, it is also necessary to consider whether activities are carried out in the UK on that non-UK resident trust company’s behalf by a dependent agent. If this is the case the trustee may be treated as having a permanent establishment in the UK.
The activity of providing services to a non-UK resident trustee, whether by a connected person or not, does not of itself create a dependent agency permanent establishment (‘Dependent agent’ section of TSEM10070 refers). It is necessary to consider the capacity in which the person provides the services to the trust on behalf of the non-UK resident trustee. Where the services that are provided to the trust are only those that the person is contractually obliged to provide under their agreement with the non-UK resident trustee and are remunerated at arm’s length, then this is unlikely to create a dependent agency permanent establishment.
Whether there is a dependent agency permanent establishment will depend on the facts of the case; the position is the same whether it is an unconnected third party or a UK subsidiary or other connected person that carries out the work for the trust. Where, say, a UK subsidiary of a non-UK resident trust company is providing services to a trust, then unless the powers granted to it by the non-UK resident trust company are such that it becomes a ‘dependent agent with authority to do business on behalf of the non-resident trustee’ (‘Dependent agent’ section of TSEM10070 refers) we will not contend that the UK subsidiary’s actions cause the non-UK resident trustee company to have a permanent establishment.
Example 3
September Ltd, a non-UK resident trust company contracts with October Ltd which is a UK company within the same group. The services to be provided by October Ltd are for investment advice for the November Trust. The contract between September Ltd and October Ltd is on an arm’s length basis and October Ltd has no powers granted to it by September Ltd
HMRC view: October Ltd is providing a service for September Ltd and has contracted to do so on arm’s length terms. They have no authority to do business on behalf of September Ltd so are not their dependent agent. Therefore, September Ltd will not be treated as having a permanent establishment through the work carried out by October Ltd in the UK. So September Ltd will not be treated as UK resident for the purposes of the November Trust.
Other examples which would be treated in the same way where there was an arm’s length relationship are:
- Preparing trust accounts for the trustees’ review and approval
- Preparing trust tax returns for the trustees’ review and approval and filing the return on their behalf with HMRC
- Obtaining quotes for necessary repair work on trust property
- Having contact with workmen to ensure that those repairs are carried out
- Day to day management of let property (such as dealing with tenants, etc)
- Signing small cheques such as paying for minor repairs.
Example 3a
As above but October Ltd also has authority to buy and sell commodities with a view to realising profits for the trust subject to trading limits set by September Ltd. It receives an arm’s length fee for this activity.
HMRC view: The investment manager is appointed by the trustee, and so is its agent. If it receives an arm’s length fee for the investment management services, it will not ordinarily constitute a dependent agent of the non-UK resident trustee. If, however October Ltd was providing investment management services to the trustees other than on arm’s length terms i.e. was acting as their dependent agent, rather than simply providing a service to them, in that case the trustees would be likely to have a dependent agent permanent establishment. (This is in line with the Investment Manager Exemption provisions – in particular that the provision of services at less than a customary rate can indicate that the investment manager is not an independent agent of the non-UK resident trustee.)
UK resident directors or other employees of a non-UK resident trust company
First, it is necessary to consider the role of the UK resident director or employee of the non-UK resident trustee.
If the UK resident employee is not carrying out activities that would be regarded as core trustee activities in relation to a particular trust then the presence in the UK of an employee of a non-UK resident trust company could not by itself cause a non-UK resident trustee to have a permanent establishment in the UK.
Where in relation to a particular trust the UK resident employee does carry out trustee activities in the UK then it is likely that the non-UK resident trustee will have a permanent establishment in the UK. This will be the case if the employee operates from a fixed base, or does not have a fixed base but habitually acts on behalf of the non-UK resident trustee for the particular trust, i.e. is a dependent agent permanent establishment of the non-UK resident trustee. The crucial point in relation to a dependent agent permanent establishment is whether the non-UK resident trustee company has in the UK-resident employee a dependent agent with authority to conduct business on behalf of the non-UK resident trustee. If this UK resident employee of a non-UK resident trustee does have the authority to make decisions then s/he is likely to constitute a dependent agent permanent establishment of the non-UK resident trust company.
Example 4
December Ltd, a non-UK resident trustee has a director or other employee Mr Monday who is resident in the UK. (This individual may also be an employee or director of UK resident group members.) The group provides office accommodation in the UK to Mr Monday. His role is to market the business of the non-UK resident trust company in the UK which includes meeting with prospective settlors and other business contacts for this purpose.
HMRC view: In this case, Mr Monday’s role is only meeting with prospective settlors and other business contacts for the purpose of marketing the business of December Ltd. Although these activities are carried out at the same place, they are not activities as a trustee that are carried out at a fixed place of business. They would generally be preparatory or auxiliary activities. This would not cause December Ltd to be treated as carrying on trustee business through a permanent establishment in the UK.
Example 4a
As in example 4, but Mr Monday’s role also extends to meeting beneficiaries of existing trusts.
HMRC view: In this case, the importance of the subject matters discussed and the decisions taken at those meetings, and the frequency of the meetings held, will need to be analysed in relation to each trust in order to reach a conclusion as to whether December Ltd is carrying on a business through a permanent establishment in the UK for that trust through Mr Monday
If no office accommodation is at his disposal Mr Monday could still constitute a dependent agent permanent establishment of the non-UK resident trustee if he has authority to enter into contracts or otherwise do business on behalf of the trustee of the trusts i.e. more than simply meeting the beneficiaries and he habitually exercises that authority on behalf of his employer for the trust.
Example 4b
As in example 4a but the significance of the meetings Mr Monday has in the UK with the beneficiaries of the Tuesday Trust is sufficient for December Ltd to have a permanent establishment in the UK in respect of that trust. However December Ltd has a co-trustee Mr Wednesday who is a non-UK resident trustee.
HMRC view: As there is a co-trustee who is non-UK resident and as the settlor of the Tuesday Trust was not resident or domiciled in the UK when he introduced property into the trust that means that the trustees of the Tuesday Trust as a body will not be UK resident.