Collision between general cargo vessel Scot Explorer and gas carrier Happy Falcon

Location: about 12 nautical miles north-west of Thyborøn, Denmark.

Completed preliminary assessment (PA) summary 3/24: Scot Explorer/Happy Falcon

Synopsis

At 1043 on 24 October 2023, the general cargo ship Scot Explorer collided with the gas carrier Happy Falcon about 12 nautical miles (nm) north-west of Thyborøn, Denmark. Both vessels had departed ports in Sweden the previous day and were bound for the UK and the Netherlands, respectively. Happy Falcon had overtaken Scot Explorer overnight along the northern tip of Denmark and both vessels proceeded south-westerly along the Danish coast.

At 1012 on 24 October, Scot Explorer was proceeding at 12 knots (kts) on a 216° course with the master alone on the bridge when Happy Falcon, which was fine on Scot Explorer’s port bow and 5nm ahead, began to slow down due to a technical fault on the main engine. At 1018, Happy Falcon came to a stop and started to drift while repairs were being made, but the required ‘vessel not under command’ signals were not displayed; the vessel’s navigational status was not updated on the automatic identification system (AIS); and a maritime safety information message was not broadcast. Meanwhile, Scot Explorer maintained its course and speed, with a steady bearing and decreasing range to Happy Falcon (Figure 1).

Scot Explorer Figure 1 - Screenshot of one of Scot Explorer’s two radars at 1018 when Happy Falcon had stopped -The target echo and relative trail were shown on the display, but the target had not been acquired by ARPA

Over the next 20 minutes, Scot Explorer’s master was undertaking other duties on the bridge and was not monitoring nearby traffic. The master made two minor course alterations with the autopilot, but this did not affect the closest point of approach (CPA) with Happy Falcon, which was almost zero. At 1042, a crew member, who had been working on deck, ran to the bridge and alerted the master to the developing close-quarters situation. By then, Happy Falcon was about 200m away, with a CPA of 20m in just 40 seconds. Still making good a speed of 12kts, the master immediately used the autopilot to initiate a turn to starboard before switching to hand steering to increase the rudder angle, but the turn was not enough to avoid the collision 10 seconds later. Scot Explorer’s port side struck Happy Falcon’s starboard quarter, resulting in hull damage to both vessels above the waterline (Figure 2). No injuries were sustained on either vessel and there was no pollution.

Scot Explorer Figure 2 - Damage sustained to Happy Falcon and Scot Explorer

The MAIB’s preliminary assessment identified that:

  • The officer of the watch on neither vessel was keeping an effective lookout; using all available means to determine if a risk of collision existed; or acted in time to prevent a collision in accordance with the COLREGs.

  • Although Happy Falcon was unable to manoeuvre as required by the COLREGs or keep out of the way of another vessel, its crew had not taken the appropriate actions to inform other vessels of the situation.

  • Scot Explorer’s master was alone on the bridge and distracted by other duties that interfered with keeping a safe navigational watch, contrary to Marine Guidance Note (MGN) 315 (M).

  • Scot Explorer’s electronic navigation aids were not being monitored, nor were they optimally set or used in accordance with the best practice described in MGN 379 (M+F). This included:

    • Both Electronic Chart Display and Information System (ECDIS) units were set to silent mode, with all audible alarms deactivated while underway.

    • Although Happy Falcon was visible on both of Scot Explorer’s radars, the target had not been acquired by an automatic radar plotting aid (ARPA) (Figure 1).

    • Happy Falcon’s slowdown was not observed on board Scot Explorer, despite being readily apparent on the AIS[footnote 1].

  • The absence of a dedicated lookout on Scot Explorer’s bridge meant there was no one immediately available on the bridge to assist the master as the situation developed by activating hand steering and taking the helm. This was again contrary to MGN 315 (M), which highlighted that ‘when the vessel is in automatic steering it is highly dangerous to allow a situation to develop to the point where the OOW is without assistance and has to break the continuity of the look-out in order to take emergency action’.

  • The initial use of the autopilot by Scot Explorer’s master instead of using hand steering to conduct the emergency manoeuvre resulted in a smaller rudder angle being used and, therefore, a slower rate of turn to avoid the collision.

  • Scot Explorer’s general emergency alarm was not sounded to alert the crew about the collision or activate the ship’s emergency response.

Actions taken

The Chief Inspector of Marine Accidents has written to Intrada Ships Management Ltd about the standards of watchkeeping on Scot Explorer and reiterated the recommendation[footnote 2] made following the collision between Scot Carrier and the split hopper barge Karin Høj on 13 December 2021 (MAIB report 5/2023).

Intrada Ships Management Ltd has:

  • Carried out an internal investigation into this collision.

  • Issued a safety bulletin to its fleet about the accident and the role of the watchkeeper in ensuring safe navigation.

  • Written to each of its masters sharing its expectations for safe navigation.

Navigator Gas Ship Management (Denmark) ApS, the manager of Happy Falcon, has:

  • Carried out an internal investigation into this collision.

  • Scheduled Bridge Resource Management refresher courses for the master and officer of the watch.

  • Updated its safety management system and bridge emergency checklists to include engine breakdown and actions to be taken when the vessel is unable to manoeuvre and keep out of the way of another vessel.

  • Updated its Bridge Resource Management procedures to ensure the bridge is appropriately manned when a vessel is not under command.

  • Issued a safety bulletin to its fleet about the accident and the lessons learned.

  • Added the lessons learned from this accident to its list of 2024 company audit topics.

Ship particulars
Vessel 1 Vessel 2
Vessel’s name Scot Explorer Happy Falcon
Flag UK Denmark
Classification society Lloyd’s Register Lloyd’s Register
IMO number 9841794 9227261
Type General cargo Gas carrier
Registered owner Scotline Ltd Adela Shipping & Finance Inc
Manager(s) Intrada Ships Management Ltd Navigator Gas Ship Management (Denmark) ApS
Construction Steel Steel
Year of build 2019 2002
Length overall 89.98m 95.6m
Registered length 84.9m Unknown
Gross tonnage 3,457 3,366
Minimum safe manning 6 12
Voyage particulars
Vessel 1 (Scot Explorer) Vessel 2 (Happy Falcon)
Port of departure Varberg, Sweden Brofjorden, Sweden
Port of arrival Rochester, United Kingdom Rozenburg, Netherlands
Type of voyage International International
Cargo information Palletised cement and packaged timber Propylene
Manning 8 16
Marine casualty information
Vessel 1 (Scot Explorer) Vessel 2 (Happy Falcon)
Date and time 24 October 2023 at 1043  
Type of marine casualty or incident Serious Marine Casualty  
Location of incident Off Thyborøn, Denmark  
Injuries/fatalities None  
Damage/environmental impact Minor damage to port side above the waterline, including main deck; mooring bollards; railings; stanchions; and superstructure. No pollution reported. Hull breach to starboard quarter above the waterline, requiring repair before resuming voyage. No pollution reported.
Ship operation In passage  
Voyage segment Mid-water  
External and internal environment Daylight; good visibility; wind easterly force 5; slight seas.  
Persons on board 8 16
  1. The AIS target for Happy Falcon had been acquired on Scot Explorer’s S-band radar. 

  2. Recommendation 2023/105. 

Updates to this page

Published 5 March 2024