Managing conflicts of interest in a charity
Find out how to identify and deal with conflicts of interest in your charity.
Applies to England and Wales
Conflicts of interest introductory video
As a trustee you must make decisions based only on what’s best for your charity. Do not allow your personal interests, or the interests of people or organisations connected to you, to influence these decisions.
Identify conflicts of interest
There are 2 common types of conflict of interest: financial conflicts and loyalty conflicts.
Financial conflicts
These conflicts happen when a trustee, or person or organisation connected to them, could get money or something else of value from a trustee decision.
They do not include a trustee’s expenses – for example, for going to a charity meeting.
Some common examples
Financial conflicts for a trustee happen if your charity is deciding whether to:
- pay the trustee for doing their trustee role (more than their expenses)
- employ or pay the trustee, or their relative, for some work at your charity, or its trading company
- sell, loan or lease charity assets (land or anything else the charity owns) to the trustee
- buy, borrow or lease charity assets from the trustee
- buy goods from a business owned by the trustee
It still counts as a conflict, even if your charity would get a good deal for its money.
Loyalty conflicts
These conflicts are not about money or other trustee benefits. They happen when, for other reasons, a trustee might not be able to make decisions that are best for the charity.
Some common examples
They can happen if the charity’s decision involves a person or organisation linked to a trustee. For example:
- the trustee’s employer
- another charity where they are a trustee
- the organisation that appointed them as a trustee
- their relatives or friends
There can be a conflict because the trustee’s responsibility (or loyalty) to the other organisation or person could compete with their responsibility to the charity.
Conflicts can affect all types of charities. But you must identify and deal with them properly.
All of you must do this, not just the trustee with the conflict. Otherwise, you will not meet your joint legal responsibility to make decisions:
- based only on what’s best for your charity
- without influence from your personal interests
Follow these 4 steps.
Declare conflicts of interest (step 1)
You must tell the other trustees if you personally have a conflict of interest. Do this early, before discussions or decisions happen.
Do not ignore something that might be a conflict for you or another trustee. Talk to the other trustees if you’re unsure.
You and the other trustees should:
- identify and declare conflicts at the start of meetings - have this as a standard agenda item
- keep and update a register of interests
Follow a conflicts of interest policy
Follow any rules in your charity’s governing document about conflicts of interest.
You should also set a policy to tell trustees:
- when conflicts of interest commonly happen
- how to declare them
- what all of the trustees need to do about them
Review your policy regularly and discuss it with new trustees.
Consider removing conflicts of interest (step 2)
As trustees you have to take action to stop the conflict from affecting your decision.
What you need to do depends on your situation, but you must decide based only on what is in the best interests of your charity.
You must consider if it is best for the charity to remove the conflict. This is particularly important if it is a serious conflict.
If you decide that you do not need to remove the conflict, you must prevent it from affecting your decision in a different way. Use the following steps to manage it.
Manage conflicts of interest (step 3)
Check that any trustee payments or benefits are authorised
You must not allow a trustee - or organisations or people connected to them - to benefit from your charity, unless it’s allowed by (any of the following):
- rules in your charity’s governing document
- the law
- the Charity Commission or the Court
Check the rules before you decide to pay or benefit a trustee: you may have to repay your charity if you do not follow them.
You must get Commission agreement before your charity sells or leases land to a trustee (or connected people or organisations).
Even if a trustee benefit is allowed, you still have to strictly manage the conflict of interest.
Follow any specific rules on managing the conflict
Check and follow:
- your charity’s governing document
- any directions from the Commission, for example if we have given your charity permission to benefit a trustee
- other legal rules that apply to your charity
If you do not have any of these rules to follow, make sure your charity sets some before you make a decision affected by a conflict of interest.
As a minimum, the rules should require that the conflicted trustee:
- leaves relevant discussions
- does not take part in the decision or vote
- is not counted in the quorum
If your charity is a company, you must add the rules to its governing document before you make your decision. You can use the wording in this Model governing document (PDF, 346KB, 27 pages).
You and the other trustees are legally responsible for making sure you manage the conflict by following the right process.
Keep a record of conflicts of interest (step 4)
Record:
- what the conflict was
- who or what it affected
- when it was declared
- how you managed it
This will help to show that you have acted properly.
What to do about serious conflicts of interest
Common examples of serious conflicts are where:
- a majority of you have a conflict
- there is a single trustee, for example, a company or local authority and they have a commercial interest in the charity decision
- your decision involves significant money or risk, and there is a conflict
In these types of situation, consider these options.
Can you remove the conflict? Consider:
- changing your plan
- asking a conflicted trustee to resign
- deciding not to appoint a conflicted person
Can you appoint additional trustees not affected by the conflict?
Take legal advice if you’re unsure. Your charity can pay for this when taking advice for the charity only.
Consider if you need to ask the Commission to authorise your decision in very high-risk cases.
Always follow our more detailed guidance on conflicts of interest in complex or serious cases. These are where you cannot make your decision in the best interests of the charity, or it could look like that to people outside your charity.