Report 18/2017: Overturning of a tram at Sandilands junction, Croydon
Overturning of a tram at Sandilands junction, Croydon, on 9 November 2016.
On the morning of 9 November 2016, tram 2551 reached the maximum permitted speed of 80 km/h as it entered the first of three closely spaced tunnels, which together extended for about 500 metres. When leaving the tunnels, the tram should have been reducing speed significantly as it was approaching the sharp curve round to Sandilands junction, where there is a 20 km/h limit. This was marked by a speed limit sign at the start of the curve. On the day of the accident, the tram was travelling at 73 kilometres per hour when it reached this sign.
The excessive speed caused the tram to overturn as it passed through the curve. Passengers were thrown around inside the tram and the tram slid along the ground on its side. Of the 69 passengers involved in this tragic accident, seven died and 61 were injured, 19 seriously.
Investigation methods included:
- obtaining data from the tram’s onboard recorder and the tramway’s signalling system
- conducting tests on the tram’s safety systems
- using computer modelling to understand the minimum speed that would overturn a tram on the curve at Sandilands
- reviewing the design of the infrastructure
- reviewing the tramway’s safety and risk management systems
- interviews with people and organisations involved
- surveying tram drivers to understand how trams were being driven on that route
The RAIB’s investigation concluded that it is probable that the driver temporarily lost awareness on a section of route on which his workload was low. The investigation has found that a possible explanation for this loss of awareness was that the driver had a microsleep, and that this was linked to fatigue. Although it is possible that the driver was fatigued due to insufficient sleep there is no evidence that this was the result of the shift pattern that he was required to work.
It is also possible that, as he regained awareness, the driver became confused about his location and direction of travel through the tunnels. The infrastructure did not contain sufficiently distinctive features to alert tram drivers that they were approaching the tight curve.
The investigation found that:
- there was no mechanism to monitor driver alertness or to automatically apply the brakes when the tram was travelling too fast
- there was inadequate signage to remind drivers when to start braking or to warn that they were approaching the sharp curve
- the windows broke when people fell against them, so many passengers were thrown from the tram causing fatal or serious injuries
The RAIB has made 15 recommendations intended to improve safety. Recommendation areas include:
- technology, such as automatic braking and systems to monitor driver alertness
- better understanding the risks associated with tramway operations, particularly when the tramway is not on a road, and the production of guidance on how these risks should be managed
- improving the strength of doors and windows
- improvements to safety management systems, particularly encouraging a culture in which everyone feels able to report their own mistakes
- improvements to the tram operator’s safety management arrangements so as to encourage staff to report their own mistakes and other safety issues
- reviewing how tramways are regulated
- a dedicated safety body for UK tramways
Video summary and animation
Overturning of a tram at Sandilands junction, Croydon
Animated recreation of Sandilands derailment
[Microsleep - Unintentional periods of sleep lasting anywhere from a fraction of a second to a few minutes. They are often, but not always, characterised by the closing of eyes or head nodding actions.]
Response to recommendations:
- RAIB will periodically update the status of recommendations as reported to us by the relevant safety authority or public body
- RAIB may add comment, particularly if we have concerns regarding these responses.