Growth trajectories from conception through middle childhood and cognitive achievement at age 8 years: Evidence from four low- and middle-income countries
This study estimates the relationship between growth trajectories and cognitive achievement in Ethiopia, India, Peru, and Vietnam
Abstract
Child chronic malnutrition is endemic in low- and middle-income countries and deleterious for child development. Studies investigating the relationship between nutrition at different periods of childhood, as measured by growth in these periods (growth trajectories), and cognitive development have produced mixed evidence. Although an explanation of this has been that different studies use different approaches to model growth trajectories, the differences across approaches are not well understood. Furthermore, little is known about the pathways linking growth trajectories and cognitive achievement.
In this paper, we develop and estimate a general path model of the relationship between growth trajectories and cognitive achievement using data on 4 cohorts from Ethiopia, India, Peru, and Vietnam. The model is used to: (a) compare 2 of the most common approaches to modelling growth trajectories in the literature, namely the life-course plot and the conditional body size model, and (b) investigate the potential channels via which the association between growth in each period and cognitive achievement manifests.
We show that the 2 approaches are expected to produce systematically different results that have distinct interpretations. Results suggest that growth from conception through age 1 year, between age 1 and 5 years, and between 5 and 8 years, are each positively and significantly associated with cognitive achievement at age 8 years and that this may be partly explained by the fact that faster-growing children start school earlier. We also find that a significant share of the association between early growth and later cognitive achievement is mediated through growth in interim periods.
This study uses data from Young Lives, an international study of childhood poverty, following the lives of 12,000 children in 4 countries (Ethiopia, India, Peru and Vietnam) over 15 years. Young Lives is funded by the UK Department for International Development.
Citation
Georgiadis, A.; Benny, L.; Crookston, B.T.; Le Thuc Duc; Hermida, P.; Mani, S.; Tassew Woldehanna; Stein, A.D.; Behrman, J.R. Growth trajectories from conception through middle childhood and cognitive achievement at age 8 years: Evidence from four low- and middle-income countries. SSM - population health (2016) 2: 43-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ssmph.2016.01.003]