Devolution settlement: Wales
Find out what areas the Welsh administration legislates on and how it is structured.
The Government of Wales Acts
The Government of Wales Act 1998 provided for the establishment of the National Assembly for Wales following the affirmative devolution referendum in September 1997. The Act also provided for the transfer of all the powers of the Secretary of State for Wales to the new Assembly.
The Government of Wales Act 2006 fulfilled HM Government’s commitment to move the Welsh devolution process forward. It has two key elements, which were implemented in May 2007:
- formal separation between the Assembly and the Welsh government to provide clarity of the respective remit and role of the legislature and the executive, and to improve effective scrutiny
- enhanced legislative powers for the Assembly through a new category of legislation called Assembly Measures so that legislative priorities for Wales are secured more quickly and easily than through provisions in bills passed by Parliament
The Wales settlement
The Government of Wales Act 1998 first established the National Assembly for Wales. The Assembly acquired the executive functions of the former Welsh Office under that Act and subsequent executive functions via Acts of Parliament and transfer of functions orders. The Government of Wales Act (GoWA) 2006 led to the creation of a separate legislature (the National Assembly for Wales) and executive (the Welsh Assembly Government) following the May 2007 elections.
On 9 February 2010, Assembly Members voted in favour of a referendum on further law-making powers. The UK Government implemented legislation enabling the referendum to be held on 3 March 2011. Following the affirmative result, the Assembly assumed its new powers on 5 May 2011, enabling it to make laws in all 20 areas devolved to Wales as set out in Schedule 7 to GoWA.
The Wales Act 2014 devolved fiscal powers to the National Assembly for Wales for the first time, implementing the majority of the recommendations made in the Commission on Devolution in Wales’ first report Empowerment and Responsibility: Fiscal Powers to Strengthen Wales. The 2014 Act included conferring legislative competence on the Assembly to replace stamp duty land tax and landfill tax in Wales, providing new capital borrowing powers for Welsh Ministers, and providing for the devolution of a portion of income tax.
The Wales Act 2017 made further changes to the devolution settlement for Wales, implementing the Government’s commitments in the Command Paper Powers for a Purpose: Towards a Lasting Devolution Settlement for Wales (known as the St David’s Day Agreement) that required legislative changes. This included putting in place a reserved powers model of devolution for Wales, and devolving further powers to the Assembly and Welsh Ministers in areas such as elections, transport, energy, and the natural environment.
The Assembly’s enhanced legislative competence is set out in Part 4 of, and Schedule 7 to, GoWA 2006, collectively known as the ‘Assembly Act provisions’. These provisions enable the Assembly to legislate in relation to the subjects listed under the 20 headings in Schedule 7, as qualified by the exceptions and restrictions in that Schedule and in section 108 of GoWA.
The 20 areas in which the Assembly can legislate cover the delivery of local services – education and training, fire and rescue services, health services, highways and transport, housing, local government, social welfare, planning (except major energy infrastructure) and water supplies – agriculture, fisheries, forestry, culture, including the Welsh language and ancient monuments, economic development and the environment.
What is devolved
Schedule 7A to the Government of Wales Act 2006 defines the scope of the Assembly’s legislative competence to make Assembly Acts. Schedule 7A sets out the areas of policy on which only Parliament can legislate. Any area not listed in Schedule 7A is devolved to the National Assembly for Wales.
The devolution guidance note Parliamentary and Assembly Primary Legislation Affecting Wales explains the main features of the Welsh devolution settlement for UK Government Departments.
Enhancing Legislative Competence
Orders in Council made under Section 109 of the 2006 Act may modify the legislative competence of the Assembly by amending Schedule 7A. These amendments could increase the legislative competence of the Assembly by removing or amending particular reservations in the Schedule; restrict the Assembly’s competence by inserting further reservations (or carve-outs from exceptions) into the Schedule; or clarify the Assembly’s competence by modifying the descriptions already in the Schedule. The Assembly’s legislative competence may also be modified in parliamentary Acts.
The Welsh legislature and administration
The Assembly was established in 1999 as a body corporate with executive as well as legislative and scrutiny responsibilities. While the majority of the executive functions were delegated to ministers, subject committees - with the relevant minister as a member - also played an important role in policy development. However, this structure could mean that committees were not able to devote sufficient time to questioning ministers and that it could be difficult to switch from a mode of consensual policy development to one of scrutiny.
The Government of Wales Act 2006 replaced the corporate body with a new National Assembly for Wales and a separate executive, the Welsh Assembly Government, made up of ministers who are members of, and accountable to, the Assembly. The Wales Act 2014 amended the statutory name of the executive to the Welsh Government. The executive powers and functions of the Assembly as created under the Government of Wales Act 1998, including the power to make subordinate legislation, were transferred to Welsh ministers.
Scotland
You can read the detailed guide on the devolution settlement and Devolution Act for Scotland.
Northern Ireland
You can read the detailed guide on the devolution settlement and Devolution Act for Northern Ireland.
Updates to this page
Published 20 February 2013Last updated 10 September 2018 + show all updates
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Updated the page to reflect the new settlement which came into force on the 1 April 2018.
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Updated information on the National Assembly of Wales
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First published.