Nigeria: migrant health guide
Advice and guidance on the health needs of migrant patients from Nigeria for healthcare practitioners.
Main messages
If the patient is new to the UK:
- explain to them how the NHS works
- discuss how this compares to the healthcare system they’ve been used to
Ensure that all patients are up-to-date with the UK immunisation schedule.
Screen all new entrants, including children, for tuberculosis (TB).
There is a high burden of multi drug resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) in Nigeria.
Offer and recommend an HIV test to all adults from Nigeria, and consider offering an HIV test to infants and children who have recently arrived in the UK.
Offer to all sexually active individuals:
- a full sexual health screen
- safer sex health promotion advice
Consider screening for hepatitis B, particularly among those who have recently arrived, because Nigeria has a high prevalence.
Be alert for signs and symptoms of polio, and ensure vaccination as required, because polio (wild polio or cVDPV) has recently been reported in Nigeria.
Ask opportunistically about any travel plans the patient may have to visit friends and relatives in their country of origin, and see National Travel Health Network and Centre (NaTHNaC), or the Health Protection Scotland websites (TRAVAX and fitfortravel, for travel advice.
There is a high risk of malaria in Nigeria.
There is a risk of typhoid infection in Nigeria.
Consider nutritional and metabolic concerns.
Find out more about children’s health.
Infectious diseases
Immunisation
Ensure that all patients, especially children, are up-to-date with the UK immunisation schedule.
Tuberculosis (TB)
The incidence of TB in Nigeria is high (40 to 499 cases per 100,000), and there is also a high burden of MDR-TB, so:
- screen all new entrants, including children, for TB according to NICE guidelines
- refer to TB services promptly if screening is positive
- seek advice, if you are a local TB service, from the MDR-TB Clinical Advice Service before treating patients from Nigeria for TB
- maintain long term vigilance for symptoms of TB even if initial screening is negative
- be aware that TB is a notifiable disease
Sexually transmitted infections and HIV
There is a high rate of HIV in Nigeria (>1%), so:
- offer and recommend an HIV test according to UK national testing guidelines
- consider offering an HIV test to infants and children who have recently arrived in the UK according to UK national testing guidelines
Although recent global data on STIs are not available, countries with high HIV rates tend to have higher rates of STIs, and the range of STIs encountered in Nigeria may vary from those in the UK, so offer to sexually active individuals:
- a full sexual health screen
- safer sex health promotion advice by referral to local genito-urinary medicine services
Hepatitis B
Nigeria has a high prevalence of hepatitis B, so:
- consider screening for hepatitis B, particularly those who have recently arrived
- offer screening for hepatitis B to all pregnant women during each pregnancy
- immunise appropriately babies born to mothers who are hepatitis B positive, and follow-up accordingly
- be aware that the UK has a universal infant immunisation programme for hepatitis B and a selective immunisation programme for higher risk groups
Hepatitis C
Nigeria has a higher prevalence of hepatitis C than the UK, so consider screening for hepatitis C if other risk factors apply.
Polio
Polio (wild polio or cVDPV) has been reported in Nigeria, so:
- be alert for signs and symptoms of polio in anyone arriving from Nigeria, and investigate as appropriate
- ensure all new entrants are brought up to date with the UK immunisation schedule, including polio vaccine as required
- see NaTHNaC for advice about polio vaccine requirements if patients are planning to travel back to Nigeria, as specific advice is in place for long-term visitors (over 4 weeks) to Nigeria
Travel plans and advice
Ask opportunistically about any travel plans the patient may have to visit friends and relatives in their country of origin, and see National Travel Health Network and Centre (NaTHNaC), or the Health Protection Scotland websites (TRAVAX and fitfortravel, for travel advice.
Malaria
There is a high risk of malaria in Nigeria, mainly due to P. falciparum, so:
- test any unwell patient who has travelled to-and-from affected areas of Nigeria in the last year
- remember that malaria can be rapidly fatal
Typhoid
There is a risk of typhoid infection in Nigeria, so:
- ensure that travellers to Nigeria are offered typhoid immunisation and advice on prevention of enteric fever
- remember enteric fever in the differential diagnosis of illness in patients with a recent history of travel to-or-from Nigeria
Helminths
There is a risk of helminth infections in Nigeria, including:
- schistosomiasis
- lymphatic filariasis
- soil transmitted helminthiasis
Women’s health
Reproductive health indicators
| Reproductive health indicator | UK | Nigeria |
|---|---|---|
| Children per woman¹ | 2 | 6 |
| Use of contraception² | 82% | 12.6% |
¹lifetime average ²by woman of reproductive age or partner
No data are available on:
- mammography screening rates
- cervical cancer screening rates
Female genital mutilation
Female genital mutilation (FGM) has regularly been documented in Nigeria.
Find out more about women’s health.
Nutritional and metabolic concerns
Anaemia
There is a high risk of anaemia in adults (estimated prevalence in non-pregnant women is >40%), and in pre-school children (estimated prevalence is >40%), in Nigeria, so:
- consider the possibility of anaemia in recently arrived migrants, particularly women and pre-school children
- test as clinically indicated
Vitamin D
Consider the possibility of vitamin D deficiency in people who may be at risk due to:
- covering their body for cultural or religious reasons (lack of sunlight)
- skin colour
- diet (vegan or vegetarian)
Vitamin A
There is a high risk of vitamin A deficiency in Nigeria.
Country profile
Health indicators and health care
WHO Global Health Observatory has a summary of health indicators and health care in Nigeria.
Culture, politics and history
BBC News and The World Factbook provide background information on the culture, politics and history of Nigeria.
Languages
The main languages used in Nigeria are:
- English (official)
- Hausa
- Yoruba
- Igbo (Ibo)
- Fulani
- over 500 additional indigenous languages
Source: The World Factbook.
Find out about language interpretation.
Religions
| Religion | Population (%) |
|---|---|
| Muslim | 50 |
| Christian | 40 |
| Indigenous beliefs | 10 |
Source: The World Factbook.
Migration to the UK
There were over 191,000 people from Nigeria living in England and Wales at the time of the 2011 Census.
Source: Office for National Statistics
Updates to this page
Published 31 July 2014Last updated 30 June 2017 + show all updates
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Updated and editorial changes made to meet GOV.UK style
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First published.